Vatican II :: social issues

Vatican IIAs I was interviewing my Grandmother, i learned just how strict and almost demanding growing up on a catholic family could be. My grandmothers name is Margaret. She was born in 1940 and grew up in a very strong religious home. She attended a Catholic school as well as her other ten siblings. Besides going to a catholic school, her home life was also spent in strong prayers. During her late teen years, that was when the changes took place. Lets get into detail. Vatican II was the 21st worldwide council recognized by the romish Catholic Church, which she said became the symbolization of the churchs openness to the modern world. She acknowledged that the council was announced by Pope John XXIII on January 25, 1959, and held 178 meetings in the autumn of each of four successive years. The inaugural gathering was on October 11, 1962, and the last on December 8, 1965. Of 2908 bishops and others eligible to attend, 2540 from all parts of the world participated in the opening me eting. She says that the U.S. commission of 241 members was second in size only to that of Italy. Asian and African bishops played a well-known role in the councils discussions. Only Communist nations were lightly represented, the result of government pressures. The average attention at the meetings was 2200. Vatican II, as what Margaret has said from the above information, was a very large and grievous meeting in the Roman Catholic Church. Vatican II has altered the Roman Catholic Church more that any other council that took place. My grandfather, who I also interviewed, said that it has great significance as it made the church more intelligent and realistic. The Church, after the council, was much more down-to-earth and open-minded stated the two of them. One of Vatican IIs changes that took place was that Mass became vernacular. She thought that this change was very important because it made her liveliness more at a personal level when mass was held seeing as though the prie st was speaking her language. It made them feel more at home and increased their understanding and ability to respond. Another very major and important change that took place due to Vatican II was the descent with the Church and the world. The Church is a human Organization steered by the Holy Spirit and composed of the gifts and talents of its members.

Cryogenics: Is It Worth Waiting For? :: essays research papers fc

Cryogenics Is It Worth Waiting For     Imagine being frozen in time to escape a deadly illness, then gettingwarmed when a cure is found. There is question on whether cryogenic methodsshould be used. To richly understand cryogenics a knowledge of ice-cold, backgroundinformation on some branches of cryogenics, some problems with cryopresevation,and different peoples views towards cryogenics is needed."Cold is usually considered hostile to mankind. most(prenominal) people hate cold andwith reasons." If not careful, cold bottom be deadly to animal and human life, butit erect also help cure, because cold bodies perform functions slower (Kavaler 16-17). Measurement of temperature is extremely important in cryogenics and thetemperatures must be exact. The standard for scientific temperature measurementis the honey oil scale. On the Kelvin scale absolute zero has a value of zerodegrees on the thermometer. In theory no substance can be lowered to or belowzer o degrees Kelvin or absolute zero. Temperatures in cryobiology range fromzero degrees Celsius--water freezes--to just above negative two hundred andseventy triplet point sixteen degrees Celsius--absolute zero. The word"Cryogenics" comes from the Greek word kryos meaning cold (CryogenicsRaintree 127, Kavaler 16). The science of cryobiology was first recognized inthe early xix sixties. Cryobiology is the study of the effects ofextremely low temperatures on living animals and plants. The chief concern incryobiology is to preserve living matter for future use. This method can alsobe called cryopreservation. Cryotherapy is the use of extreme cold in treatment.The first trials of cryotherapy proved with great results (CryobiologyComptons 1, McGrady 97).     Frozen cells can be kept alive for very long periods of time in a stateof suspended animation. Almost immediately after rapid thawing, the frozencells regain normal activity. Cooling of the frame causes a loss of feeling,therefore it can be used as anesthesia in surgery. Since certain drugs dontaffect healthy cells at low temperatures, the drugs can be safely used againstcancerous tumors in the body. Cryogenics also helps in the preservation andstorage of human tissues. Tissues such as eye corneas, skin, and blood thatwere rapidly frozen can be stored in banks for later use. Then skin can begrafted to burn victims and eye corneas can replace damaged ones. Thanks toCryobiology blood can be frozen and stored for indefinitely for many years asopposed to only three weeks as it was before cryogenic technology was used.Surgeons can use a cryoscapel, freezing tips, to deaden or destroy tissue withgreat accuracy and little bloodbath (Cryogenics Academic 350, CryobiologyWorld Book 929).

Bill Gates :: essays research papers

Bill Gates On October 28, 1955, in Seattle, Washington a boy was born. This child would grow up to be one of the most palmy people in the history of man. His name, William (Bill) Henry Gates. Bill a.k.a. Trey was a different child from the beginning of his life. His first five years were normal respectable like most kids. Once he turned six his parents would almost go crazy. He declared war on his mother and always talked stern to her as in this example She would call him up to dinner from his basement bedroom and he would not respond. "What are you doing?" she once demanded over the intercom. "Im thinking," he shouted back. "Youre thinking?" "Yes, Mom, Im thinking," he said fiercely. "Have you ever tried thinking?" His mother sent him to a psychologist, after a year of tests and studies the doctor came up with a solution. His answer was, "There is nothing you can do. Just give up and live with it." Bill attended Lakeside School. I t was a very squeamish private school. There he learned how to use a computer. His friend, Paul Allen and he would start their computer programming there. The first programs they made were a math program and tic-tac- toe. Bill and three other friends joined forces to make the Lakeside Programmers Group. Bill then went out to a depot, which just received a new-sprung(prenominal) IBM. He convinced the boss to let him and his friends use the computer. In exchange, he would have to debug the computer. Bill got so obsessed in it that he went to the store late at night and worked on the computer A little later that year, Bill attended Harvard. To most people there he was considered a snob and idiot. He would order pizza every day and go to many bars. In 1974, Bill and Paul Allen created BASIC, a computer language. MITS then bought a license to have the product. At the age of twenty-one, Bill dropped out of Harvard to work on Microsoft all the time. Within three months, MITS ripped up the contract. Bill found a person in Japan who would help him. Bill and Paul then set up a building in Albuquerque, New Mexico. They then renamed their conjunction Microsoft. The original name was Allen&Gates. Bill loved New Mexico. He had his favorite Porsche, which he called Sand Buggy.

We Need Stricter Laws for Drunk Driving (DUI) :: Argumentative, Persuasive Essays

Drunk driveway is when an individual drives a vehicle with a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level over the legaly permited limit. Driving under the influence of alcohol is a major health problem in the linked States as it accounts for a high number of road fatalities hence, there is a need for stricter drunk crusade rules in the United States in order to contract intoxicated driving fatalities. There is a need for the introduction and implementation of new drunk driving laws by the legislature, because presently the united States drunk driving laws are too delicate. The continuous enume calculate of drunken driving fatalities makes a case that the united States drunk driving laws are too lenient and makes a call for stricter laws. According to Valenti countries with strict drunk driving penalties have a far lower incidence of accidents than the United States (1). The United States being a archetypical world country is weak in enforcing strict punishment for dru nk drivers. Valenti is emphasizing on the fact that the united States need to improve their present laws and be firm in enforcing these new laws. There is a need for the United States to improve on their severity of its drunk driving penalties just the way the former(a) part of the world have done and this is giving them a reduced rate of drunk driving fatalities. The claim of the leniency of the United States drunk driving laws is further stated by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), this is a prominent body when it comes to the issue of drunken driving fatalities. It claims that the drunken driving laws are severe enough. Despite great strides in awareness, education and enforcement in the last two decades the United States still has one of the most lenient drunken driving standards in the world. (NHTSA of existing laws. There is a need for stricter laws to be introduced as the United States ranks behind the world when it comes to effort to assail drunk d riving and more efforts need to be put in place by the implementation of harsher laws so as to reduce the high rate of repeat offenders and first time offenders.The rate of repeat offenders is rising and the need to suppress this rate should be attended to immediately. Statistics supports the implementation of stricter rules, as the continual rate of the repeat offenders increases.

Free Essays - The Hazards of Moviegoing :: Example Personal Narratives

The Hazards of Moviegoing I am a movie fanatic. When fri intercepts want to know what picture won the Oscar in 1980 or who played the police chief in Jaws, they ask me. My friends, though, adjudge stopped asking me if I want to go out to the movies. The problems in getting to the domain, the theater itself, and the behavior of some patrons are all reasons why I often wait for a movie to show up on TV. First of all, just getting to the theater presents difficulties. Leaving a home equipped with a TV and a video recorder isnt an attractive idea on a humid, cold, or rainy night. Even if the weather cooperates, there is still a thirty-minute drive to the theater down a congested highway, followed by the hassle of expression for a parking space. And then there are the lines. After hooking yourself to the end of a human chain, you worry about whether there will be enough tickets, whether you will get seats together, and whether many people will sneak into the line ahead of you. Once you have made it to the box shoes and gotten your tickets, you are confronted with the problems of the theater itself. If you are in one of the run-down older theaters, you must adjust to the musty smell of seldom-cleaned carpets. Escaped springs lurk in the thinned plush or cracked leather seats, and half the seats you sit in seem loose or tilted so that you sit at a strange angle. The newer twin and quad theaters offer their own problems. Sitting in an area only one-quarter the size of a regular theater, moviegoers often have to put up with the sound of the movie next door. This is especially jarring when the other movie involves racing cars or a karate war and you are difficult to enjoy a quiet love story. And whether the theater is old or new, it will have floors that seem to be coated with rubber cement. By the end of a movie, shoes almost have to be pried off the floor because they have become sealed to a deadly compound of spilled soda, hardening pass off gum, and crushed Ju-Jubes.

Free Essays - The Hazards of Moviegoing :: Example Personal Narratives

The Hazards of Moviegoing I am a movie fanatic. When friends want to know what picture won the Oscar in 1980 or who compete the police chief in Jaws, they ask me. My friends, though, have stopped asking me if I want to go out to the movies. The problems in getting to the theater, the theater itself, and the port of some patrons atomic number 18 all reasons why I often wait for a movie to show up on TV. First of all, just getting to the theater presents difficulties. Leaving a home equipped with a TV and a video recorder isnt an attractive idea on a humid, cold, or rainy night. Even if the weather cooperates, there is still a thirty-minute drive to the theater down a congested highway, followed by the hassle of looking for a parking space. And then there are the lines. After hooking yourself to the end of a human chain, you worry about whether there will be large tickets, whether you will get seats together, and whether many people will sneak into the line ahead o f you. Once you have made it to the box office and gotten your tickets, you are confronted with the problems of the theater itself. If you are in one of the run-down older theaters, you must adjust to the musty smell of seldom-cleaned carpets. Escaped springs lurk in the faded overgenerous or cracked leather seats, and half the seats you sit in seem loose or tilted so that you sit at a strange angle. The newer twin and quad theaters offer their own problems. Sitting in an area only one-quarter the size of a regular theater, moviegoers often have to impute up with the sound of the movie next door. This is especially jarring when the other movie involves racing cars or a karate war and you are trying to wonder a quiet love story. And whether the theater is old or new, it will have floors that seem to be coated with rubber cement. By the end of a movie, shoes almost have to be pried off the floor because they have become sealed to a deadly compound of spilled soda, hard ening bubble gum, and low-spirited Ju-Jubes.

Countrywide Financial

nationwide pecuniary The Subprime Meltdown Course MAN3065 Team or Group 8 Date submitted 02/27/13 Reference 726077 depot 2012-2 Days M & W Time 705pm 820pm Prof Hoa N. Burrows, CPA Countrywide Financial The Subprime Meltdown Questions 1. Are subprime loans an unethical financial legal instrument, or are they ethical tools that were misused? We believed subprime loans are ethical tools that were misused.Subprime loans involve lending to borrowers, generally people who would not qualify for traditional loans, at a arrange higher than the prime rate (Ferrell et al 385) meaning that it is a financial instrument in which borrowers healthfulbeing from accessing capital that otherwise would have been denied to them, and financial institutions benefit from charging a higher pursual. What made subprime loans so attractive was the fact that it enabled low-income individuals and minorities (no qualifies for regular loans) to have access to homeownership.In the right hands, in th e right time, a subprime loan could mean an important tool for different minorities to im attest the quality of their lives by obtaining financing for more than just home mortgages but also school tuition, for example (Iacono). However, as the Countrywide Financial case illustrates, there is wide misuse of this tool by institutions that engage in indiscriminate lending for the sake of short-term internet at the risk of major financial downturn, as in the 2008-2009 financial crisis. Ferrell et al 388) Moreover, while lending money to low-income and minority families justifies a higher matter to rate due to the risk of debt default, lending money to families that would very unlikely be in the capacity to fully repay their mortgage is a affright to both the financial institution who would had lost the invested money and the borrowers who would be forced to face foreclosure but even more threatening were the endless securities backed on these subprime loans, whose documentary ris k were only known by Countrywide Financial.By deciding to lend money indiscriminately, this company ended up misusing a financial instrument that would have otherwise brought on progress for its customers and the company itself. 2. Discuss the ethical issues that caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial Different ethical issues caused the downfall of Countrywide Financial including unethical actions of both the company and the borrowers. Firstly, Countrywide Financial misused the adjustable rate mortgage (ARM) Borrowers were told that they would not get negatively affected with an increasing interest rate as the value of their property would increase accordingly.Nonetheless, when the recession came many of these borrowers discovered they were unable to pay. (Ferrell et al 386). Secondly, between many of the accusations against Countrywide, two of the main ones were that real estate appraisers began to inflate the value of homes to ensure that loans would go through. (Ferrell et al 387), and that they had a special VIP discount mortgage programs for high-end well qualified individuals who had no bespeak for discounts, called Friends of Angelo, Angelo Mozilos Countrywide Financial CEO -friends including Senator Charles E. Schumer and Representative Henry A.Waxman. (Ferrell et al 390) Fourthly, Countrywide Financial was negligent in knowingly giving out exceedingly risky loans to people who could not afford them for the sake of quick profit (Ferrell et al 389) which also brought out the question of whether the company was also involved in predatory lending misleading its borrowers. (Ferrell et al 389) On the other hand, borrowers actions were also unethical as it was proven they were dishonest in their loan applications 90% of liar loan applicants knowingly overstated their income, with three out of five overstating it by at least 50%. However this fact only seems to prove that Countrywide was helping borrowers falsifying information in order to secure t he loan. (Ferrell et al 389) 3. How should brink of America deal with potential ethical and legal bobble discovered at Countrywide Having acquired Countrywide Financials debt and bad reputation, Bank of America should focus on disconnecting itself from previous affiliates that were a part of the precedent company during their financial meltdown, such as ex CEO Angelo Mozilo, ex COO David Sambol, and ex CFO Sieracki (Ferrell et al 392).In addition to this they should make sure that the call for information is being promptly provided to pertaining authorities. Moreover, Bank of America should ensure that a proper risk management policy is set up, continuing as well with programs to ease loan terms and prevent borrowers from losing their homes, such as the Countrywide Comprehensive Home Preservation Program which helped consumers refinance their debt. Ferrell et al 388) In conclusion, Bank of America should continue with their current actions whilst making sure the authorities are getting the information necessary to reach the bottom of what really happened at Countrywide Financial, and thus prevent this situation from ever happening again. . Works Cited Ferrell, O. C. , John Fraedrich and Linda Ferrell. Business Ethics Ethical Decision Making and Cases. Mason South-Western, 2011. Iacono, Tim. Iacono Research. deuce-ace of Student Loans Are Subprime Loans. 04 02 2013. 22 02 2013 .

Online Banking Essay

1. Introduction & Background As the developing of the technology, the Banking had large change, it is necessary to piece of work how to use ambience of Online Banking to keep and counselingsing our property. John Shepherd-Barron had invented the Automatic vote counter Machine ( ambiance) in 1967s, the ATM becomes the most important equipment in peoples life after 40 years, and there are near 403,000 ATMs in the U.S (Katharine, 2009).It can say that many people are using it everyday, like present silver, and draw money or near transaction money, so the how to forfend and reduce the pretend of ATM become more important than others activity, recently, the crime about the ATM increase rapidly, like copy the rally information to steal money at ATM, cash trapping and other ATM scam were embody 29.3million last year in the UK (Emma Reynolds, 2012). The second problem is the emergency about the bank system, like server shut down with out omen, which will off serious effect to hu man life (European ATM Security & Fraud Prevention). This part provides a critique of the literature of the ATM Bank System.The Automatic Teller Machine (ATM) in 1967s and becomes the most important equipment in peoples life after 40 years, there are about 403,000 ATMs in the U.S (Katharine Gammon, 2009). I choose this topic because using bank system is very important activity in our life, we are overseas student in the UK and we must precaution our property safely, so I think young people is likely to contribute to this topic.2. What are the negative effect of ATM & Banking Online 2. 1 Risk of ATM In the ATM Threat and Risk Mitigation (Frank D, N.D), the author focus on the all kinds of crimes about the ATM, for example stolen or swindle with ATM, introduce the ATM Security in detail and analysis the development of sale transactions, at last author gives some suggestion to readers how to protect own account and wee some ideas for Bank how to complete the ATM Systems perfect. The literature describe how steal the information of costume designers bank card and how to use these information to copy a card to steal the money also, in conclusion, do not use the ATM which looks suspicious and report to Bank. The literature provides very important information about how to avoid to lose money in ATM.2. 2 Risk of Bank Online The second literature is Risk Management Principles for Electronic Banking Electronic Banking (Basel C, 2003), this is a book which focus on the risk of online banking and this is a group work, there are many people to finish this literature together. I think this is a very unsloped book because author use many example to explain and discuss the risk management principles. In this literature author explain and disuse the quarrel of the Online Banking (E-Banking or Internet Transport). Base on the example of Electronic Banking Group (EBG) to describe the 14 risk management principles of electronic banking (Basel C. 2003). This book lists some d ispute of the Online Banking The innovation of electronic banking skill and customers sever are change rapidly. The electronic banking more deepens on information technology, so make the process more complicated. It is introduction on the Internet the visitors come from all over the world, so it maybe produces many security issues of system The author lists the relevant solution Effective management from the bank Building a comprehensive control process Investigate and supervise the process of relationships. The literature providers some good measures for Bank to reduce the risk of Online Banking (Emma R, 2012).3. New ATM innovations Nowadays, the technology of ATM develops to a high level, it can realize many useful functions, however, the requirement always can not be content, that encourage people to create new ATM. A technology will be tested in India. In the wake of increasing instances of fraudulent money withdrawals from ATMs in Chandigarh and Panchkula, the security ag encies are in the process of conducting tests on the new safety equipment likely to be installed in ATMs in the near future tell by Khushboo Sandhu (a leading Columnist associated with The Indian Express) in 2010. That means, we do not need bank card anymore, just use the scanner to affirm the costumer (Thorsten, 2012), that will reduce the process time and make process safe, because it is very hard to copy biological information.4. Analysis and Synthesis The ATM and Banking online system were invented by human, so it must be have many regrets, it must have many risks during the processing. Frank and Basel(2003) had explained some typical risks in the bank system and gave some advise of solution, however, there are always new problems will appear in the future. These problems will become the new challenge of the bank system in Thorstens (2012) viewpoint. Maybe this is too professional to students, however , how to choose a suitable bank is significant for the international students .

Apple.Inc Pros and Cons

Apple Inc. is the best in the world at innovative merchandise development. Because the keep company develops hardware, software, and associated digital services rather than just focusing on one dimension, it can provide an unmatched user experience. This al brokens Apple to capture high margins from its products and services. however by my definition, product development is not sum up chain management procurement, manufacturing, and logistics are. That said, Apple Inc. has a fascinating supply chain that is very different from conventional supply chains.This supply chain brings with pre-built advantages and disadvantages. On the advantage side, demand management is easier. Apple doesnt have to get the demand forecast for a mod product right. As long as it underestimates demand for a hot new product, Apple will have loyal customers clamoring for the new devices and unstrained to wait. In fact, the projected backlog leads customers to line up for hours before stores open to se cure a new product. This helps to create marketing buzz. Because Apple Inc. has become so outsize, it has procurement advantages smaller rivals cant match.Financial analysts are beginning to focus on Apples supply chain. Samsung lost $10 billion in market value when Apple placed a huge order for flash memory with Elpida, securing more than half of that companys supply. Apple reportedly has price advantages in securing key components, manufacturing capacity, capital equipment, and airfreight capacity. Like other companies that have huge procurement clout, when Apple asks a supplier for a price quote, it demands a detailed accounting of how the manufacturer arrived at the quote, including estimates for labor and material costs and projected profit.Manufacturers can get hit with penalties for quality issues and warranty claims. Apple is become so big that blush though it has a number of customized components that it has to pay extra for, the companys cost structure is starting to re semble that of close to of its rivals that only source common components. But other parts of the supply chain become more difficult for a company that differentiates itself based on product excellence. Apple Inc. works to lock up the supply of key components, particularly custom components, with exclusivity agreements.This serves to protect the uniqueness of its products. In some cases, Apple invests in capital equipment to make these special components (the company lends the production equipment to its manufacturing partner). At times this production machinery becomes Apple exclusive either because of exclusivity agreements or because Apple is so large that a backlog for the equipment becomes horrifically long. Managing new product launches is also more important for a fashion manufacturer. The process from design to production launch typically takes 10 months.Read more about Pros and Cons Of ReligionThis includes sourcing, testing, government approvals (like FCC approval for an i Phone), and factory dry runs. For weeks prior to the launch, factories work extra time to build hundreds of thousands of devices. Then they work more overtime to clear the backlogs. According to Apple Inc. s supplier responsibility progress report, the companys standard labor policy is for workers to work a uttermost of 60 hours per week and to get at least one day off per week. And yet, at 93 of its suppliers, more than 50 percent of their workers exceeded these rather low limits.In fact, working conditions at Foxconn, Apples partner for final assembly and some core components, have been bad enough that Apple has gotten a molybdenum of a black eye from press reports of accidents, suicides, and labor strife. While the existing customer base has largely ignored these labor relations problems, the demographics of the people that buy Apple products indicate a concern for social responsibility. Further, the Chinese market is becoming very important to Apple, and closer Chinese governm ental scrutiny could discover shipments. What is different about Apples launch planning is the extreme secrecy attached to it.Apple places electronic monitors in some boxes of components to track them from Apples headquarters in Cupertino. The goal is to discourage leaks and ensure customer delight and surprise when the products hit the market. One article claims that Apple has shipped devices in plain boxes, even tomato boxes, to avoid detection. But Apple Inc. , like many companies in the electronics industry, has a supply chain with a high-risk profile. Many of its key components come from northern Taiwan, the company sole sources several customized components, and it relies on massive factories located in Shenzhen, China for final assembly.Any sort of man-made or natural incident at any of these sites could potentially grind Apples supply chain to a halt. In conclusion, Apple Inc. s new CEO, Tim Cook, is a supply chain guy with a strong reputation. He is working to improve the companys reputation for social responsibility. But if I were Apple, Id rather have another product development guru like Steve Jobs. To drive continued growth and margins, the company needs to continue to excel at product development, but only needs to be competent in supply chain management.

High School and Old Cassette Recorder Essay

My hobbies Almost everybody has some kind of hobby. My hobbies are listening to music , watching television and reading books. I am very fond of music. When I am free, I often listen to my best-loved songs from an old cassette recorder. At weekends, I usually go to music shops in the downtown areas to buy good CDs. Of the famous pop singers, I prefer Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley, Madona and Paul MC Cartney. I also spend an hour after dinner watching news and documentary programmes.I secernicularly enjoy the program The World Here and There because it broadens my knowledge of nature and humanity civilizations. My favourite book is Treachery. Its author is Elxan Elatli. I think that my hobbies are very useful. They widen my knowledge, relax my mind, and make me feel better about myself. My favorite hobby is playing drumfishs. I spend a lot of my free time playing drums. I started learning to play drums when I was 9 years old. I played in my schools band. When I was 12, I got a pri vate drum teacher and started to really enjoy playing.My parents bought me a drum set. An important event in my life There are so many events happened in my life and most of them consist to be an important part of my life. They are precious because I coffin nail learn much from them or sometimes they can make me feel better when I am sad. I think the event which influent me most is happened at my senior high school. When I was in my third grade of senior high school, I should favor the university and the major which I want to go on my further study after the college entrance examination.After the score came out, I chose doctoring as my first major. save my parents disagreed that strongly. Because I never said that I wanted to do something in the future relative with the medical career before. Both of them let me thought guardedly because to be a doctor was very toilsome. Also, doctors always shift their work and they should go to work at night even. Thats a tired job. In additio n, the process of being a doctor was difficult, too. My mother wanted me to be a teacher as her. At that time, I was so confuse that I didnt know which one was suitable for me to choose.I knew what the advice my parents gave was good for me. I also knew my future was belongs me and I should make the choice by myself, not my parents. perhaps to be a teacher was good, but I didnt like .After this event, I decided all over the things by myself. i chose the tourism. Like the debates, although sometimes our opinions are different, we communicate our thoughts and make the choice depend on our own. If we hesitate to do one thing and do not make up our mind, we cant do the thing successfully

The Hunters: Phantom Chapter 29

I will not die not again, Elena thought furiously as she writhed in pain, the invisible vise clamping d ingest(a) even harder on her. middling fel to the grass, even paler than before, clutching her stomach in a mirror image of Elena.It cannot take meAnd whence, unsloped as suddenly as it had started, the deafening roar ceased and the crushing pain lifted. Elena col apsed to the ground, air whooshing congest into her lungs. Its finished grinding b mavins to make its bread, Elena thought semihysterical y, and almost giggled. Bonnie gasped loudly, letting start a smal sob.What was that? Elena asked her.Bonnie shook her head. It felt like something was getting pul ed show up of us, she said, panting. I felt it before, too, function before you showed up.That pul ing feeling. Elena grimaced, her mind whirling.I remember its the wraith. Damon says that it wants to drain our power. That mustiness be how it does it.Bonnie was staring at her, her mouth just a tiny bit open. Her pin k tongue darted out and lick her lips. Damon says? she said. She frowned anxiously. Damons dead, Elena.No, hes alive. The star bal brought him bet on after wed already left the Dark Moon. I found out after the phantom took you.Bonnie made a small-minded noise, a sort of eep that reminded Elena of a bunny, of something soft and smal and surprised. Al the blood drained out of her face, leaving her usual y faint freckles vivid spots against the gaberdine of her cheeks. She pressed shaking hands to her mouth, staring at Elena with huge dark explore.Listen, Bonnie, Elena said fiercely. Nobody else knows this yet. Nobody but you and me, Bonnie. Damon wanted to keep it a hidden until he could figure out the right way to come bandaging. So we need to keep quiet about it.Bonnie nodded, stil gaping. The color was rushing back into her cheeks, and she looked like she was caught between joy and total confusion.Glancing over her shoulder, Elena noticed that there was something in the gra ss at the foot of a rosebush beyond Bonnie, something motionless and white. A chil went through her as she was reminded of Calebs body at the foot of the monument in the graveyard.Whats that? she asked sharply. Bonnies expression tipped over into confusion. Elena brushed past her and walked toward it, squinting in the sunlightlight. When she got turn up enough, Elena saw with amazement that it was categorical, lying stil and silent beneath the rosebush. A sprinkle of black petals was scattered across his chest. As she came close to him, Matts eyes twitched she could see them mournful rapidly back and forth under the lids, as if he was having an intense dream and because flew open as he took in a long, truly gulp of air. His pale blue eyes met hers.Elena He gasped. He hitched himself up onto his elbows and looked past her. Bonnie Thank God Are you okay? Where are we?The phantom caught us, brought us to the chthonian World, and is using us to make itself more powerful, Elena said succinctly. How do you feel?A bittie startled, Matt joked in a clear voice. He looked around, then licked his lips nervously. Huh, so this is the Nether World? Its nicer than Id pictured from your descriptions. Shouldnt the sky be red? And where are al the vampires and demons? He looked at Elena and Bonnie sternly. Were you guys tel ing the truth about everything that happened to you here? Because this place seems pretty nice for a Hel dimension, what with al the roses and everything.Elena stared at him. Its possible too mevery weird things have happened to us. accordingly she noticed the hint of panic on Matts face. He wasnt unnatural y blase about what was going on he was just being brave, whistle to keep up their spirits in this newest danger.Wel , we wanted to impress you, she joked back with a tremulous smile, then quickly got down to business. What was going on when you were back home? she asked him.Um, Matt said, Stefan and Meredith were apparent motioning Caleb abou t how he summoned the phantom.Calebs not responsible for the phantom, Elena said firmly. It fol owed us home when we were here before. We have to get home right away so we can tel them theyre dealing with one of the Original ones. Itl be much more difficult for us to get rid of than an ordinary one.Matt looked at Bonnie questioningly. How does she know this?Wel , Bonnie said, with a hint of the glee she always got from gossip, apparently Damon told her. Hes alive and she saw himSo much for keeping Damons secret, Bonnie, Elena thought, rol ing her eyes. Stil , it didnt verit fitted y matter if Matt knew. He wasnt the one Damon was keeping the secret from, and he wasnt likely to be able to tel Stefan anytime soon.Elena tuned out Matts exclamations of wonder and Bonnies explanations as she scanned the ambit around them. Sunshine. Rosebushes. Rosebushes. Sunshine. Grass. Clear blue sky. Al the same, in every direction. Wherever she looked, smooth black perfect blooms nodded serenely in a clear high noon sun. The bushes were al the same, down to the number and positions of the roses on each one and the distances between them. Even the stems of grass were uniform al stopping at the same height. The sun hadnt moved since shed arrived.It al seemed like it should be lovely and relaxing, but after a few minutes the sameness became unnerving.There was a gate, she told Bonnie and Matt. When we were aspect into this land from the Gatehouse of the Seven Treasures. There was a way in from there, so there must be a way to get out to there. We just have to find it.They had begun to clamber to their feet when, without warning, the sharp tugging pain struck again. Elena clutched her stomach. Bonnie lost her balance and fel back to a sitting position on the ground, her eyes clenched shut. Matt gave a choked- make exclamation and gasped. What is that?Elena waited for the pain to fade again before she answered him. Her knees were wobbling. She felt dizzy and sick. Another rea son we need to get out of here, she said.The phantoms using us to increase its power. I think it needs us here to do that. And if we dont find the gate soon, we might be too wan to make it home.She looked around again, the uniformity almost dizzying. Each rosebush was centered in a smal circular bed of richlooking dark loam. Between these circles, the grass of the field was velvety smooth, like the lawn of an English manor house or a real y good golf course.Okay, Elena said, and took a deep, calming breath.Lets spread out and look particular(prenominal) y. Wel stay about ten feet apart from one another and go from one end of this rose garden to the other, searching. Look around careful y anything thats at al different from the rest of the field could be the clue we need to find the way out.Were going to search the whole field? Bonnie asked, sounding dismayed. Its huge.Wel just do one little bit at a time, Elena said encouragingly.They started in a spread-out line, gazing intently back and forth, up and down. At first there was only the silence of focused concentration as they searched. There was no sign of a gate. Step by step through the field, nothing changed. Endless rows of identical rosebushes stretched in al directions, spaced about three feet from one another, enough room between them for one person to easily pass. The eternal midday sun beat down uncomfortably on the tops of their heads, and Elena wiped a bead of sweat from her forehead. The scent of roses hung intemperately in the warm air at first Elena had found it pleasant, but now it was nauseating, like a too-sweet perfume. The perfect stalks of grass bent under her feet, then sprang up again, uncrushed, as if she had never passed.I wish there were a breeze, Bonnie complained. unless I dont think the wind ever blows here.This field must come to an end sometime, Elena said desperately. It cant just go on forever. There was a sickening feeling in the pit of her stomach, though, that suggested to her that maybe it could go on forever. This wasnt her world, after al . The rules were different here.So wheres Damon now? Bonnie asked suddenly. She wasnt looking at Elena. She was keeping up the same steady pace, the same careful, systematic gaze. But there was a note of strain in her voice, and Elena broke her own search to glance at her quickly.Then one possible answer to Bonnies question hit Elena and she stopped dead. Thats it she said. Bonnie, Matt, I think Damon might be here. Or not here, not in the rose garden, but somewhere in the Nether World, in the Dark Dimension. They looked at her blankly.Damon was going to try to come here to look for the phantom, Elena explained. He thought it fol owed us home from here when we came back to our own world, so this is probably where hed start searching for its physical body. The last time I saw him, he told me that he thought he would be able to fight it better from here, where it came from. If he is here, maybe he can help us get b ack to Fel s Church.Damon, please be here somewhere. enjoy help us, she begged silently.Just then, something caught her eye. Ahead of them, between two rosebushes that looked just the same as any other two rosebushes in the garden, there was the slightest shift, the tiniest distortion. It looked like the modify shimmer that would sometimes appear over the highway on the hottest, most stil days of summer as the suns rays bounced off the asphalt.No asphalt here to beam back the suns heat. But something had to be causing that shimmer.Unless she was imagining it. Were her eyes playing tricks on her, showing her a mirage among the rosebushes?Do you see that? she asked the others. Over there, just a little to the right?They stopped and peered careful y.Maybe? Bonnie said hesitantly.I think so, Matt said. Like hot air rising, right?Right, Elena said. She frowned, estimating the distance. Maybe cardinal feet. We should take it at a run,she said. In case we have any trouble getting throu gh. There might be some kind of rampart we have to break to get out. I dont think hesitating wil help us.Lets hold hands, Bonnie suggested nervously. I dont want to lose you guys.Elena didnt take her eyes off the shimmer in the air. If she lost it, shed never find it again, not with the sameness of everything in here. Once they got turned around, theyd never be able to tel this spot from any other. They al three took one anothers hands, staring at the smal distortion that they hoped was a gate. Bonnie was in the middle and she clutched Elenas left hand with her thin, warm fingers.One, two, three, go, Bonnie said, and then they were running. They stumbled over the grass, wove between rosebushes. The space between the bushes was barely wide enough for three to run abreast, and a thorny branch caught in Elenas tomentum cerebri. She couldnt let go of Bonnie and she couldnt stop, so she just yanked her head forward despite the eye-wateringly painful tug on her hair and kept running, le aving a tangle of hair hanging from a bush behind her.Then they were at the shimmer between the bushes. Close up, it was even harder to see, and Elena would have doubted that they were at the right spot bar for the change in the temperature. It might have looked like a heat shimmer from a distance, but it was as cold and bracing as a mountain lake, despite the warm sun right above them.Dont stop Elena shouted. And they plunged into the coldness.In an instant, everything went black, as if someone had switched off the sun.Elena felt herself fal ing and clung desperately to Bonnies hand.Damon she cried silently. Help me

Romeo and Juliet Tragedy

Tragedy, a dramatic compostion, dealing with a serious and somber theme, typically that of a great person destined through a flaw of charachter or conflict with some overpowering force, as fate, or society, to downfall or destructon. The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet is about two young teenagers, Romeo Monatague, and Juliet Capulet who fall deep in love and are forced to keep their love a secreat in order to prevent the dissapointment of there feuding familes. Romeo and Juliets fate, immature acts, and secrets soon lead up to Romeo and Juliets downfall. Fate is a power that predetemines events and controls destiny.In the story, William Shakesphere is controlling Romeo and Juliet, which brings fate at fault of the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. It was fate that brought Romeo and Juliet together, and made their familys rivalrys. It is also what brought them to their downfall. If Romeo and Juliet had neer met at the party, mendicant Lawrence had never married them, and Juliets father wasn t forceing her to marry Paris, none of this would have happened. Fate in this story is unavoidable. Frair Lawerence played a huge role in Romeo and Juliets deaths. A friar is looked up to and held responsible alot more.The Frair should have known better then to marry two young teenagers, just to end the families feud. The plan the Friar had to keep Romeo and Juliet together was insufficiently thought out which ultimatly was a major part in the tragedy. Even though Friar Lawerence knows that both the Monatagues and Capulets wont be very happy with his descion to marry them, he still continues to do so. If Frair Lawrence wasnt stupid enough to keep the secreat, none of this would have happened. Juliet would have never dranken the potion, and therefore neither would have Romeo.Romeos immature ways also led to the tragedy. Romeo first met Juliet because he needed someone to get over Rosaline, his ex girlfriend. When they first laid eyes on eachother, they supposbly fell in love. Yes, th ey say it was magical, but it was also dumb. If Romeo wasnt to quick to get married, Juliet would not have as a great deal feelings for Romeo as she did when they were married. Therefore Juliet probley wouldnt have gone through as much as she did to be with Romeo. Romeo made it much more complicated then it had to be by fighting and killing Juliets cousin Tybalt.

Assess the Marxist View That the Main Role of the Family Is to Serve the Interests of Capitalism

Assess the Marxist view that the main role of the family is to serve the interests of capitalism. There be many different perspectives of the family. Each different view sees different things as the main role of the family. Marxists view the family in a very belittled manner. They believe that the main role of the family is to serve the interests of capitalism and bourgeoisie. They also believe that the family cushions the main provider. Marxs views on the capitalist mode of production highlights the exploitative nature of the eco system.He displays how the middle class take advantage of the working(a) class and their cranch the working class are a tool used to create profit and to keep profit at a fair level. Marx argues that the monogamous middle class nuclear family developed to help them solve the problem of the inheritance of private property. The men needed to know who their children were in suppose to pass on their property to their heirs. The family was so thought to b e by Marxists as designed to control women and protect property.The Middle class nuclear family is emerged with capitalism. It is senile as designed to guarantee and encourage male power through the inheritance of property. It therefore serves the interests of capitalism. Marxists would argue that families are a unit of reproduction, they believe that the family is inwrought in the reproduction of the labour force. In pre capitalist society people only grew staple foods, drank water and lived simple lifes. People choose to retain numerous children. More children meant more farm hands and help around the farm.It also acted as an insurance, against the famine, disease and other natural disasters. After the industrial change this all changed, Families would have less children because there was a higher chance of them surviving. Men would find themselves working and getting paid much less than the notes they made for the business Engel says womens role in the family was harsh as th ey did unpaid work such as cleaning and childcare. The capitalist benefits from the unpaid labour given to them by women and children within the unit.Zaretsky argues that the family is a major consumer of capitalist products. This fact in itself ensures a market for capitalist products. Because it means that the working class are first exploited and underpaid and then overcharged to buy the goods they do not need which they produced. Functionalists would argue industrialisation led to the slow replacement of extended families by nuclear families because industrialisation requires more geographical and complaisant mobility.Geographical mobility is easier for nuclear families while if within extended families young adults achieve higher social status through social mobility than their parents this, according to Parsons would make for social tensions within the extended family which would be avoided if young married adults lived separately in their own nuclear family. Industrialisatio n leads also to processes of morphologic differentiation which implies that new more specialised social institutions such as factories, schools and hospitals develop to take over some of the functions previously performed by families.This means therefore that the nuclear family loses some of its functions but it remains crucial in relation to the two functions which it does retain, the socialisation of the young and the stabilisation of adult personalities. In conclusion, the main aspiration of the family is to support capitalism to a certain extent as Marxists have many valid points however Capitalism may not be seen as biased and therefore the Marxist view of the family is rejected and Marxists ignore family diversity completely.

Millennial Generation

- Using the five paragraph essay format, please present your perspective on the next topic. Provide examples to support your response. Include the proper APA citation(s) in your essay. - Topic Organization, time management, and effective communication ar key elements to online learning. Discuss how you can use each of these elements toward your professional career. - -Todays young broadside comes from the Millennial Generation and believes they inherently understand three important skill sets organization, time management and communication. In speaking with them, they all point back to their mastery of todays technology and social media applications as the reason they believe these skill sets come so naturally to them. Leading, managing and training Airmen in todays Air Force is non only complicated, it can be quite frustrating for those who did not advance up with the technology currently available.The millennian Airman not only grew up with a estimable range of technology, but considers it a requirement to passing(a) life. Hartman and McCambridge (2011) citing references (Tyler, 2007) describe millennials as those individuals born between 1980 and 2002, characterized as technologically sophisticated multi-taskers, who are accustomed to working in teams and who rely on their parents for guidance as they struggle to make decisions independently. While technology and resulting social media sites can assist us in organizing, managing and communicating, thither is no substitute for experience. -The Air Force, like most companies, businesses and groups requires organization skills at every level. While armed forces life is full of structure, leadership within internal groups cannot effectively manage without organizing the force. Of the three skill sets discussed, this is where the millennials be to excel. They eagerly embrace and utilize available wights to quickly accomplish the mission. When grouped and tasked with a project, they allow at once seek o ut the best tool to map out the plan and track progress, encounterless of whether that tool is a white board or Microsoft Office applications. Unlike their organizing aptitude, time management skills are understandably lacking in the millennial Airmen. Constantly bombarded with text messages and Face phonograph recording updates on their readily available smart phone, they will halt a task just to check updates and statuses on any number of applications. Hansen and Hansen (n. d. ) in their quintcareers. com phrase recognized effective and timely project implementation as one of the skills sought most by todays employers. Not only is timely project completion important, but so is managing daily tasks.Talk with a millennial and you find they place stock in multi-tasking, but get distracted easily, thus failing to complete projects in a timely manner. - Finally, effective communication is by furthest the most important of the three discussed skill sets and where the millennial Airm an requires the most training and education. After researching legion(predicate) studies, Hartman and McCambridge (2011) concluded that effective communication is directly linked to an organizations success.While communication comes in many forms (spoken, written, gestured, etc), the millennial tends to fall nobble in many, if not all. Just review a short email and you will find misspellings and a complete lack of grammar similar to a phone text. The millennial will argue that text messaging is evolving with its own grammar and syntax. While this may be true, an offices professional correspondence requires effective grammar in order to move the mission forward. - The Air Forces future relies on the many aptitudes its people possess.While the three discussed here are just a sampling, they represent some important areas leaders and managers must(prenominal) concentrate on remain effective. In the book fetching Charge Making the Right Choices (Smith, 1993), the author has rank-orde red twenty fundamental skills that every leader must possess and continually improve upon. communicating, time management and organization are numbered two, five and nine separately (pages 2-5). By building upon these and many other skills, an organization will ensure its success and continued growth.With regard to the discussed skill sets, the millennial Airman brings an impressive array of tools centered around online collaboration. While they do not lack enthusiasm, they do require leadership to fine-tune these skills and make positive changes. - - References - Hartman J. & McCambridge J. (2011). Optimizing Millennials Communication Styles. Business Communication Quarterly, 74, 22-43. - -Tyler, K. (2007, May). The tethered generation. HR Magazine, 41-46. - - Hansen R. & Hansen K. (n. d. ), What Do Employers Really Want? Top Skills and Values Employers Seek from Job-Seekers. Retrieved from http//www. quintcareers. com/job_skills_values. html - - Perry, S. (1993), Taking Charge Ma king the Right Choices. Garden City Park, NY Avery Publishing Group Inc. - - - - - - - - - - - -

Social Structure of the Society

?MINISTERY OF EDUCATION OF THE nation OF BELARUS Belarus State Economic University REFERAT SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE SOCIETY Minsk 2008 What is favorable body structure of the high connection? whatsoever object has its structure. As the noun structure is rendered as , , , structure is defined as functional interdependence of elements constituting the ashes of an object. The golf club has affable structure. The idea of br distinguishable(prenominal)ly structure was pi hotshot and only(a)ered by G. Simmel, then developed by K. Marx, E.Durkheim precisely became roughly known due to T. Parsons who created geomorphologic functionalism. thither argon sundry(a) approaches to studying kindly structure of the purchase order exclusively they didnt avoid influence of geomorphological functionalism in any(prenominal) way. Due to the functionalist perspective, kindly structure is the carcase of a friendly whole (society or its f arwell) the elements of which argon con sistent in quantify, mutualist of each opposite and largely de statusine the functioning of the whole in general and its members in crabbed.The tension is made on both interdependence its the alike a house take close to brick off the fence in and the whole take a leaking may ruin, and function take a log it crumb be burnt to get warm or used as construction material to build a house. In other words, structural functionalism analyzes parts of the society in terms of their map inwardly the whole. Its clear that affable structures of ancient and modern societies differ from each other.This difference is caused by historical changes taking place in the society although the structure presents a stable carcass, it is stable or invariable only for a definite period of time, and historically it changes. favorable structure is qualitative certainty of the society which representation that change in structure leads to radical, qualitative change in the society. Structure e nsures stability acceptful for the functioning of associated amicable elements which accumulate quantitative changes up till the moment when they turn to quality, and a need for structural changes in the cordial object rises.For instance, development of the bourgeoisie and p agencytariat as classes and formation of bracing traffic of production lead to a bourgeoisie revolution and change of the socio-economic system. neighborly structure is characterized by the following chief(prenominal) attri thoes hierarchy vertical and horizontal arrangement of structural elements which is based on their unbalanced access to authority, income, affectionate p correspondenceige etceteratera interconnection of structural elements which is realized through exchange of resources, information, sharing values etc. differentiation into the smallest elements and their integration into the whole flexibility, capacity to change so it is an important part of the management. Traditionally, the orists identify the following types of loving structure socio-demographic, socio-class, socio- pagan, socio-professional, socio-confessional etc. No doubt, any friendly object has its structure.For instance, at analyzing a labour corporate we may consider employees inside the socio-professional structure those who got thirdhand, vocational and higher education, scientific qualifications, representatives of various professions, particular(a)izations, their levels of qualification. The socio-demographic structure suggests analysis of employees according to the age and gender the young up to 30, middle-aged, those of pre-pension and pension age, males and females. thither argon different types of amicable structure. A famous Russian theorist M. N. Rutkevich identifies three radical types.The inaugural one characterizes the process of historical development of mankind, i. e. a global structure of human society consisting of nations, states and their various links. The second ty pe comprises relations between various empyreans or subsystems of loving breeding. The third type comprises relations between social themes and other communities of nation. The last two types reflect some colonised approaches to consider social structure. In social structures of the second type their elements ar viewed as comparatively independent subsystems or champaigns of social life (politics, economy etc).Their tot up is a point for debate. For instance, G. Hegel and F. Engels spoke of politics, economy and family modern theorists distinguish quartette spheres culture, politics, legislation and economy although they dont deny that other spheres lot also be seen in religion, science or in family. Anyway, less debated is a position of the Russian researcher A. I. Kravchenko who divides the society into economic, political, social and weird spheres. Economic sphere includes four types of activities production, distribution, exchange and consumption. It provides eans for increasing the material welf atomic number 18 of the society cypherprises, banishks, markets, currency flows and the like that enables the society to use lendable resources ( democracy, labour, capital and management) in order to produce the enumerate of goods and go sufficient enough to gratify lots essential postulate in food, shelter and leisure. around 50% of the economically active population take part in the economic sphere as the young, old, disabled do non produce material wealthiness. provided in beamly 100% of the population record in the economic sphere as consumers of created goods and services.Political sphere includes the head of the state and the state bodies much(prenominal) as government and parliament, local bodies of power, the army, the police, taxation and customs bodies which together constitute the state and political parties which argon non part of the state. Its objective is to realize the goals of the society to ensure the social order, settle conflicts arisen between partners (employers, employees and occupation unions), defend the state frontiers and sovereignty, impose modernistic laws, collect taxes etc. only when its main objective is to permit ways of struggle for power and defend the power obtained by a particular class or classify. The objective of political parties is to legally defend the diversified political interests of different, very a lot contrary, themes of the population. Spiritual sphere includes culture, science, religion and education and their artifacts much(prenominal) as monuments and hitments of culture, pieces of arts, research and learning debuts, temples and cathedrals, mass media etc.If science is aimed at discovering new knowledge in various spheres, education should say this knowledge to the future generations in a most effective way, for schools and universities ar built, new programs and teaching methods are worked out, qualified teachers are disciplineed. Culture is intentional to create values of arts, exhibit them in museums, galleries, libraries etc. Culture also comprises religion which is considered the pivot of sacred culture in any society as it gives sense to human life and determines canonic moral norms.Social sphere embraces classes, social layers, nations associated by their relations and original interactions. The devoted sphere of the society is understood as narrow and wide. In its wide meaning the social sphere is a nitty-gritty of organizations and presentments that are in charge of the populations wealth they are shops, transport means, communal and consumer services, establishments of catering, medicine, communication, leisure and recreation. Thus, as such the social sphere covers almost all classes and layers the rich, the poor and the middle class.In its narrow meaning the social sphere is designed for the members of the society who are regarded as socially unprotected (pensioners, unemployed, with low incomes or wit h legion(predicate) children etc) and the establishments that provide their service, namely, the bodies of social security (including social insurance) of both local and national subordination. In this case, the social sphere is designed for the poorer layers of the population. There are other approaches as to the number of parts or spheres of the society but they are all united by a view that social subsystems cannot exist as isolated.They are arranged in a drill of relationships that, together, make the system. The social indwellingly penetrates into the productive and managerial spheres since people of different nationalities, ages, hinge ones and confessions can work together at an enterprise, on the one hand. On the other hand, if the unsophisticateds economy doesnt discharge its main objective to satisfy the population with the sufficient amount of goods and services, the number of jobs doesnt increase, thither may arise negative consequences in the society.For instance, the money is short to ease up wages and pensions, unemployment appears, the living standards of the socially unprotected layers are decreasing, crimes are increasing etc. In other words, success or recession in one sphere has a great influence on prosperity in the other one. The third type of social structure is best developed by structural functionalists who assert that structure arises out of face-to-face interactions of people. Interactions make up patterns which are independent of the particular somebody, because patterns are determined by social norms and values of the given society. For instance, somebody needs money.He can earn it, but if in some society robbery or burglary is not disapproved of, he may rob someone to reach the purpose. So patterns exert a force which shapes behaviour and identity. Thats wherefore T. Parsons and his supporters define social structure as the way in which the society is nonionic into predictable relationships, or invariable patterns of soci al interaction called sanctuarys. Social structure does not concern itself with the people forming the society or their social organizations, neither does it study who are the people or organizations forming it, or what is the ultimate goal of their relations.Social structure deals rather with the very structure of their relations how they are organized in a pattern of relationships, or institution. So due to structural functionlism, structural elements of the society are social institutions and social assemblageings structural units are social norms and values. Social collectionings and communities Social chemical groupings are social groups, social classes and layers, communities, social organizations, social positioninges and roles. A group is a number of people or things which we class together, so that they form a whole. In our minds we could group any assortment of people together.For instance, you could group together Phillip Kirkorov, your nearest relative, the person who sat opposite you last time you were on a bus, Santa Clause and a shop-assistant from the Hippo market in Serebryanka. But a social group, however, means much than just an assortment of people. There must be something to persuade them together as a whole. To be a social group, people must interact with one some other, perceive themselves as a group. Social group is an assortment of people associated by a socially significant distinction, people who interact together in an orderly way and perceive themselves or perceived by others as a group.Any social group is characterized by a number of attributes interaction within a group is realized on the basis of shared norms, values and expectations well-nigh one anothers behaviour groups develop their own internal structure kernel and periphery, norms, value, statuses and roles they can be rigid and perfunctory or loose and flexible there is a sense of chokeing, individuals identify with the group outsiders are marvellous from mem bers and treated differently groups are formed for a purpose specific or diffuse eople in a group tend to be similar, and the more they participate, the more similar they become. There are a lot of classifications of social groups. The beginning(a) one embraces statistical and real groups. A statistical group is an assortment of people place by a definite characteristic that can be measured. For instance, citizens are people living in statuesque settlements called cities. A real group possesses a number of characteristics describing its immanent essence.So, citizens are people living in cities, who live an urban way of life with super diversified labour (mainly industrial and information kinds) and leisure activities, with high professional and social mobility, high absolute frequency of human contacts in formal communication etc. According to this definition, only a part of the statistical group of citizens comply with the criterion of existence urbanites, or not everyone wh o lives in city can belong to the real group of citizens. Another type is a reference group as any group we use to evaluate ourselves, but it doesnt needs mean we must belong to it.It is like a target group in the market a target group of black BMW cars is composed of people with high income, of a certain age, males etc. David is a person with such characteristics but he doesnt like BMWs. He prefers Volvos. The normative function of the reference group is to set and enforce standards of behavior and belief. Its equality function is viewed as a standard by which people can measure themselves or others. For instance, we hold back confessional groups to examine some features, lets say, Jews and Protestants, and find out that Jews dis hightail it 20% greater tolerance.So if you are a Jew, youre perceived by others as a more tolerant person. Social groups can also be classified according to their size, character of organization, emotional depth, accomplished objective etc. According to size, groups can be small, middle-sized and large ones. Small social groups, normally small in number, are characterized by human interactions in the form of subscribe contacts like in families. The smallest groups are stable and more constraining, but offer more intimacy and individuality. As size increases, freedom increases, but intimacy declines and the emergent group structure tends to limit individuality.Contacts are frequent and intensive members take each other into cypher as they group together on the basis of shared norms, values and expectations about one anothers behaviour. As more people are added to the group (up to 20), complexity increases, subdivisions appear. Middle-sized social groups are relatively stable communities of people working at the same enterprise or organization, members of a social association or those sharing one limited but large enough territory, for example, people living in one district, city or region. The first type is called labour-orga nizational groups, the second one territorial groups. concourse are united into labour-organizational groups to accomplish a certain purpose or objective that determines its composition, structure and type of activities, interpersonal interaction and relations. bouffant social groups are stable numerous collections of people, who act together in socially significant situations in the context of the country or state, or their unions. They are classes, social layers, professional groups, ethnic groupings (nationalities, nations and races), demographic groupings (the young, the old, males and females) etc. With regard to all of them, a social group is a patrimonial, collective concept. piles affiliation to a large group is determined by a number of socially significant distinctions such as class affiliation, demographic factors, form and character of social activities etc. In large social groups, interaction bears both direct and indirect character. According to the character of orga nization, groups are distinguished as formal and informal ones. Formal groups are collections of people whose activities are regulated by formal documents such as legislative norms, charters, instructions, registered rules, bans or permissions sanctioned by the society, organization etc.At playing some activities members of the formal group are in terms of subordination, or hierarchically structured submission. much(prenominal) groups are academic groups, labour organizations, forces units etc. Informal groups dont fork over officially registered grounds for their earth. They are formed on the basis of common interests or values, respect, personal affection etc. which adhere individuals into more or less stable entities such as a group of friends, a musical band, Internet chatters etc. Behaviour of their members is regulated by special non-written laws and rules.In such groups social status is voluntary, and members may resign at any time. Due to emotional depth of interrela tions within the group, primary and secondary groups are differentiated. A primary group is, as a rule, a small social group whose members share personal and enduring emotional relations which are schematic on the basis of direct contacts reflecting the members personal characteristics. The examples are a family, a group of friends, a research group etc. A secondary group is a large and inert social group whose members pursue a special interest or activity.In such a group peoples ability to perform particular functions, not their personal qualities, is highlighted. This is the way that social organizations with their departments and job hierarchy are set up and function. The personality of any of its member is of very short(p) significance for the organization. As roles in the secondary group are strictly fixed (John is a student, Mr. Brown is the dean), very often its members know too little about each other. Besides, in the social organization of an enterprise, both roles and w ays of communication are fixed.If a student is in trouble, he cant apply straight to the University rector but first to the tutor, dean or prorector, then to the rector. While studying human society sociologists are interested in larger groups of people at the meso and macro-levels, or those ones called social communities. There are a lot of definitions of such a phenomenon but theorists agree that members of the community should possess a similar quality such as age, gender, job, nationality etc. and consider similarity as one of the main distinctions of the community.Examples are natural-historical communities like tribes, families, nationalities, nations and races mass groups like crowds, TV audience etc. A more important distinction of the social community is social interaction between its members. Interactions may be more enduring that determines a long-term existence of communities such as nations, races, and less enduring that is typical for occasional communities such as cr owds, lines, passengers etc. But eve occasional community with weak ties has its patrimonial and specific distinctions, regulating collective behaviour.Besides similarity and social interaction, a social community also suggests that the actions undertaken by its members are oriented by expectations of behaviour of other individuals in the community. It encourages peoples deeper solidarity that forms a cohered group a basic element of the society. Judging by it, a social community may be defined as natural or social grouping of people characterized by a common feature, more or less enduring social relations, goal attainment, common patterns of behaviour and speculation. A social class is also considered as a structural element of the society.Although approaches differ, in general the concept of a class is connected with peoples relation to the means of production and character of acquiring wealth under a market economy. The known examples of a class are the nobility, bourgeoisie an d proletariat. In each class society there are funda moral and non- complete classes. Fundamental classes are distinguished by a dominating way to produce material wealth within the socio-economic system (feudal, capitalist etc), for instance, under capitalism its unfathomed classes are the bourgeoisie and proletariat.Non-fundamental classes are available because the rests of the previous relations of production are still kept in the society or new ones are emerging. A social layer is an assortment of people who are distinguished by their social status and who perceive themselves cohered by this community. A social status is ones position (place) in the social structure of the society connected with other positions by the system of rights and obligations. The status of a teacher has its meaning only with regard to a student, not to a passer-by or doctor.The teacher should translate knowledge to the student, check up how knowledge is learnt and assess it etc. The student should regu larly attend lectures, position for seminars, pass credits and examinations in time etc. In other words, the teacher and the student enter into social relationships as representatives of two large social groups, as bearers of social statuses. Social status is often considered as the standing, the honour or prestige attached to ones position in the society.In modern societies, occupation is usually thought of as the main dimension of status, but fifty-fifty in modern societies other memberships or affiliations (such as ethnic groups, religion, gender, voluntary associations, hobby) can have an influence. For instance, a doctor will have a higher status than a factory worker but in some societies a white Anglo-Saxon Protestant doctor will have a higher status than an immigrant doctor of minority religion. Every person can have several social positions, or statuses called by R. Merton a status set.Among them there must be the main status it is a status used by the individual to ident ify himself or by other people to indentify a definite person. For males it is their occupation (a lawyer, banker, worker), for females it is a place of living (a housewife) but there exist other variants. It means that the main status is of relative character as it is not directly associated with gender, race or occupation. The main status is one that determines the persons way and style of life, patterns of behaviour, friends etc.Sociologists differentiate between social and personal statuses social status identifies the persons position in the society which he occupies as a representative of a large social group (occupation, class, nationality, gender, age or religion) personal status is the persons position in a small group identify by how the members of the group estimate and percieve him due to his personal qualities. Being a leader or outsider, winner or loser means to occupy a certain position in the system of interpersonal, not social relations.Statuses are also distinguish ed as ascribed and achieved ones. Ascribed status is a social status a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life. For example, a person born into a soaked family has a high ascribed status. Achieved status is a sociological term denoting a social position that a person assumes voluntarily which reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. Examples of achieved status are being an Olympic athelete, a criminal, or a teacher. Achieved statuses are distinguished from ascribed statuses by virtue of being earned.Most positions are a mixture of performance and ascribment for instance, a person who has achieved the status of being a doctor or lawyer in western sandwich societies is more likely to have the ascribed status of being born into a wealthy family. The mentioned statuses are considered basic statuses which include kinship, demographic, economic, political and occupational statuses. There are also a number of non-basic statuses such as those of a passer -by, driver, reader, TV-watcher, witness of a road casualty etc.They are temporal positions and their rights and obligations are not registered as they are hardly fixed. No doubt, the status of a professor determines much in life of a certain person as for his status of a patient, it does not. If a social status identifies a particular position of an individual in a given social system, a social role represents the way that he is expected to behave in a particular social situation. apiece individual plays many roles in the society in one situation he is a boss, in another a friend, in the third father etc. All roles that a person plays are called a role set.Roles are identified as ascribed if we are forced to play and as achieved if we choose to play them. The first is a role of a son or daughter in relations with a parent, the second a subordinate with a boss. Roles have two further dimensions the prescribed aspect of a role, or role expectations, and role performance. The pres cribed element in any role provides a norm-based mannikin governing body the way people are generally supposed to interact. People expect one conduct from a banker and quite another from an unemployed person. Role performance is what a person eally performs within this framework. Each time a person who performs a certain role builds his behaviour according to the expectations of the social milieu. If his demonstrable behaviour differs from what is expected, it means that conformity to culturally appropriate roles and socially supported norms is not created. Behaviour, which doesnt correspond to the status, is not considered an appropriate role. For instance, if somebody came into the classroom, introduced himself as a teacher but then started painting the wall or washing the windows, his behaviour is a role but not that of a teacher.In the society various social authorisation mechanisms exist to restore conformity or to segregate the nonconforming individuals from the rest of s ociety. These social control mechanisms range from sanctions imposed informally for example, sneering and gossip to the activities of certain formal organizations, like schools, prisons, and mental institutions. Social institutions Another structural element of the society is social institutions. These are not buildings, but organizations, or mechanisms of social structure, governing the behaviour of two or more people.Institutions are identified with a social purpose and permanence, transcending individual human lives and intentions. For example, the institution of the family and marriage, of religion etc. American sociologist Erving Goffman (1922-1982) asserts that an institution is a place, like a building, in which activity of a particular kind regularly goes on. He uses this term for somewhere that embraces everything that its inhabitants do where they live, work, play, sleep, day in day out. shares of the society have a similar mental concept of right and wrong, order and relationships, and patterns of good (positive values).As the broadest organizers of individuals beliefs, drives and behaviours, social institutions evolved to address separate needs of the society, for instance, the military institution evolved out of the need for defense. Each society has a number of needs but those of fundamental character are only five. Consequently, there are five fundamental social institutions ensuring social needs in procreation of the population (that of the family and marriage) social order and defense (the state, political institutions) getting means for existence (the production, economic institutions) translating knowledge, socialization of the growing-up enerations, training personnel (education in its broad meaning including science and culture) solving spiritual problems, looking for sense of life (religion). So social institutions can be defined as organized patterns of beliefs and behaviours centered on basic social needs, adapting to specific segme nt of the society in question. American sociologist T. Veblen is the origination father of institutionalization as he was a first to give a detailed description of social institutions in his book, The Theory of the Leisure sectionalization (1899).He takeed that evolution of the society is a process of natural selection of social institutions which by their nature present habitual ways to react to stimuli created by foreign changes. Early mankind is known for promiscuity or non-regulated sex relations that could result in communicable degeneration. Gradually such relations began to be limited by bans. The first ban was that of incest, forbidding sex between kinship relatives, such as mother and son, brother and sister etc. The given ban is the first social norm, considered the most important in history.Later, other norms regulating sex relations appeared. People learnt to survive and adapt to life by organizing their relations with norms. Norms of family and marriage behaviour t ranslated from generation to generation became collective habits, customs, usances that regulated peoples way of life and their thinking. Those who broke such traditions (deviants) were punished (sanctioned). This is the way how the most ancient social institution of the family and marriage might have emerged.And this is the way why norms and values have become structural units of the society. There are three terms to be differentiated in the connect area such as institute, institution and institutionalization. To institute something is to bring it into use, set it up, or establish it by practice. A father might speak of instituting some changes in his family, perhaps forcing the children to be respectful, and not giggle at his words. An institute may be something that has been set up, for example, an association of women calls itself the Womens Institute.If institution is spoken about, it is meant a totality of customs or practices that was established by the members of a particu lar society, by God, or just an established and respected practice (with no reference to its origin). Institutions are used about parts of the society, not the whole. As a society is created by the interaction of people, they establish ways of interacting that are acceptable or unacceptable. When a way of behaviour is both emotionally satisfying and leads to rewards from others, it becomes institutionalized.The way by which behaviour, custom or practice is institutionalized, is called institutionalization. For instance, institutionalization of any science means working out various standards, laws, climb up research institutes, laboratories, faculties, departments at universities, also publishing textbooks, monographs and journals, training specialists in the area etc. Thus, the concept of a social institution defines an aggregate of people whose activities in a certain area are regulated with inflexible systems of social, legal or other controls by organizations originally created for beneficial purposes and intents.As any structure, it is presented by its structural elements although some sociologists argue against, defining them as attributes. Structural elements of the societys fundamental institutions Institutions Fundamental roles Physical features Symbolic features Family and marriage Mother Father Child House Plot of land Furniture Rings Engagement Marriage ceremony Economy Employer Employee Seller Buyer Enterprise location Shop Bank Money Securities Trade mark Marketing Politics Head of the state Member of parliament Law-maker Subject of law Public buildings and places Flag Constitution Hymn Law Religion non-Christian priest Parishioner Bishop CathedralChurch Chapel Christ Bible Confirmation Education Teacher Student prof School University Textbook Qualification Diploma Degree At the same time fundamental institutions are divided into smaller units called non-fundamental institutions. For instance, economy cant operate without such practices as produ ction, distribution, market, management, accounting, etc. the institution of the family and marriage includes such practices as martenity, vendetta, sworn brotherhood etc. So non-fundamental institutions are social practices or customs, for example, vendetta or celibacy can be identified either as a tradition or settled practice.Both are right as the fundamental institution includes both traditions and practices. If the purpose of fundamental institutions is to satisfy the basic needs of the society, non-fundamental institutions perform specialized objectives, serve particular traditions or satisfy non-fundamental needs. For instance, a higher school as a social institution meets the social need in training highly qualified specialists. By its character of organization, institutions are subdivided into formal and informal ones. The activities of formal institutions are regulated by strictly settled directions such as law, charter, instructions etc.Formal institutions are often bure aucracies in which the functions of bureaucrats are impersonal, i. e. that their functions are performed independently of their personal qualities. In informal institutions playing a very important role in interpersonal interaction, their aims, methods, means to achieve objectives are not settled formally and not fixed in the charter. For instance, organizing their leisure time, teenagers follow their rules of game, or norms which allow them to solve conflicts. But these norms are fixed in public opinion, traditions or customs, in other words, in informal sanctions. rattling often public opinion or custom is a more efficient means to control an individuals behaviour than legislative laws or other formal sanctions. For instance, people prefer being punished by their formal leaders than being blamed by colleagues or friends. Both formal and informal institutions have functions. To function means to bring advantage. So, the function of a social institution is the benefit that it contr ibutes to the society. In other words, the outcomes or end-products of the system, institution and the like are referred to as its function.If besides benefit there is damage or harm, such actions are referred to as dysfunction. For instance, the function of a higher education is to train highly qualified specialists. If the institution functions badly due to some circumstances (lack of personnel, poor teaching, or organized and material basis), the society will not get specialists of the required level. It means that the institution dysfunctions. Functions and dysfunctions can be limpid if they are formally declared, perceived by everybody and obvious, and potential which are hidden, or not declared.To manifest functions of a secondary school those of getting literacy, enough knowledge to enter university, vocational training, learning basic values of the society may be referred to. Its latent functions are getting a definite social status which enables to become ranked higher t han those who are illiterate, making stable friends etc. Functions and dysfunctions are of relative, not of absolute character. Each of them can have two forms manifest and latent. In one and the same time both a function and dysfunction may be manifest for some members of the society and latent for the other ones.For instance, some people consider important to obtain fundamental knowledge at university, others to establish necessary links and relations. Latent functions differ from dysfunctions by that they dont bring harm. They only show that the benefit from any institution (system etc) can be larger than it is declared. To sum it up, each of the institutions reflects a different aspect of the society. Each of them performs a different role in the society fostering spiritual, social, or educational development. On a larger scale, these organizations exemplify the links that bind a society together.BASIC CONCEPTS Achieved status a social position that a person assumes voluntar ily which reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts. Ascribed status a social position a person is given from birth or assumes involuntarily later in life. Class an assortment of people united by their relations to the means of production and character of acquiring wealth under a market economy. Dysfunction bring harm. Flexibility a capacity to change. Formal group a collection of people whose activities are regulated by formal documents such as legislative norms, charters, instructions, egistered rules, bans or permissions sanctioned by the society, organization etc. Function bring benefit. Informal group a group formed on the basis of common interests or values, respect, personal affection etc. which cohere individuals into more or less stable entity. Institutionalization the way by which behaviour, custom or practice is institutionalized. Large social group a stable numerous collection of people who act together in socially significant situations in the context of the country or state, or their unions. Latent function a function if it is not formally declared, perceived by people or obvious.Main status a status used by an individual to identify himself or by other people to indentify a definite person. Manifest function a function if it is formally declared, perceived by everybody and obvious. Middle-sized group a relatively stable community of people who work at the same enterprise or organization, members of a social association or those sharing one limited but large enough territory. personalized status a persons position in a small group identified by how the members of the group estimate and percieve him due to his personal qualities.Prescribed element (role expectation) what provides a norm-based framework governing the way people are generally supposed to interact. Primary group a small social group whose members share personal and enduring emotional relationships which are established on the basis of direct contacts reflectin g the members personal characteristics Real group any group of people possessing a number of characteristics describing its immanent essence. persona group any group one can use to evaluate oneself, but it doesnt necessarily mean one must belong to it.Role performance what a person really performs within the norm-based framework. Role set all roles that a person plays. Secondary group a large and impersonal social group whose members pursue a special interest or activity. Social community a natural or social grouping of people characterized by a common feature, more or less enduring social relationships, goal attainment, common patterns of behaviour and speculation. Small group a group normally small in number, characterized by human interactions in the form of direct contacts like in families.Social group an assortment of people cohered by a socially significant distinction, people who interact together in an orderly way and perceive themselves or perceived by others as a group. Social institution organized patterns of beliefs and behaviours centered on basic social needs, adapting to specific segment of the society an organization, or mechanism of social structure, governing the behaviour of two or more individuals a totality of customs or practices that was established by the members of a particular society, by God, or just an established and respected practice.Social layer an assortment of people who are distinguished by their status and who perceive themselves cohered by this community. Social role the way that a person is expected to behave in a particular social situation. Social status a persons position in the society which he occupies as a representative of a large social group.Social structure the carcass of a social whole (society or its part) the elements of which are invariable in time, interdependent of each other and largely determine the functioning of the whole in general and its members in particular (functionalist perspective) the way in which the society is organized into predictable relationships, patterns of social interaction. Statistical group a group of people differentiated by a definite characteristic that can be measured. Status set the number of statuses which a person has or acquired. Structure functional interdependence of elements constituting the carcass of an object.Additional literature 1. Blau P. Exchange and place in Social Life. (3rd edition). New Brunswick and London Transaction Publishers, 1992. 354 p. 2. Bourdeiu P. Logic of Practice. Cambridge Polity Press, 1990. 382 p. 3. Coser L. The Functions of Social Conflict. Glencoe, Ill loose Press, 1956. 188 p. 4. Durkheim E. The Division of Labour in Society. New York, NY Free Press 1997. 272 p. 5. Durkheim E. Suicide. New York, NY Free Press 1951. 345 p. 6. Sztompka P. Sociology in Action The Theory of Social Decoding. Oxford Polity Press, 2001. 415 p.

MR Amin

demo yourself in an online countersign board. Due Friday 1/8/2014 1. Go to the 49002 Managing Projects (Distance Mode) section of Outselling 2. Post a inadequate biography introducing yourself in the discussion board Introductions for Distance Education students. 3. Your description should include a. Any start management experience (years and types of projects) Level of education and any bachelor degrees held What you hope to get out of the subject. B. horn description of one of your most interesting projects. C. A Joke. measuring stick 2 Select your study congregation members. Due Monday 4/8/2014 4. Read all the introductory posts in the discussion board 5. receive 3 people with whom you have something in common 6. Comment on their posts providing a short report of the connections with your own introduction and why this might be the basis for a good group interaction. Step 3 Enroll in your group in TTS online Due Tuesday 5/8/2014 1 . Self-enroll in one of the Groups (Group 1 DistanceGroup 8 Distance) with three other students you have met on the discussion board. Step 4 Discussion on Assignment 2. Due Wednesday 6/8/2014 1 . perform a new thread in your group discussion board called Assignment 2. 2. let on the elements of the assignment that need to be exonerated before the due date. 3. At the end of this discussion (Step 4) complete the first survey in SPARK. You can access SPARK via the link in the left tugboat on TTS online titled SPARK 1 .

Paypal

grandiloquent is a kind of financial dick that connects the plastic, assurance display board or any bank draw with a user account on the establishment, which makes it realizable at any moment to replenish their balance in the schema of rules, to make any payments, line m one and only(a)y. 1. 0 The invoice of success apostolic is the largest electronic money body in the realism knowing to make payments on the Internet. Papal is making it possible for users to make their money into your account using a nimble phone connected to the Internet.In 1998, Max Levin, Luke Noses, and Peter Thiele founded the bon ton Continuity, whose task was o develop cryptographical applications that might be used in the implementation of electronic payment transactions using agile phones. This project is interested in several investors Deutsche Bank, which has invested in the project, is $ 1. 5 million, and Monika Ventures they implemented an infusion of $ 3 million. In 1999, Leon Musk founded the company X. Com Corporation, which was engaged in a variety of financial services on the Internet.Considering the needs of the merchandise, the developers of the company is master(prenominal)ly focused on the creation of an electronic moment system via e-mail. In November 1999 there was a merger of the two companies X. Com Corporation and Continuity, resulting in a new company Papal Ink. Officially, the company Papal launched simply over a year in February 2000, the site was set up Papal. Com Here is rough strategic ways which Papal use to got success in business Active and intelligent campaign, which promotes the benefits of electronic payment system Papal became to the fact that a large number of investors, among which were the major U. S. Ankhs, interested in the project. As a exult, the outgrowth of e- money system Papal has invested 23 million dollars, and the rapid development of the Internet has played into the hands of the founders of the company a large number of users of the system who appreciate the restroom of this form of transaction. Within six months of the payment system Papal enjoyed a half million large number, the employee turnover amounted to two million dollars, and more(prenominal) than one million of the world of auctions used this system for their monetary transactions. accommodation has opened Papal convenience and new opportunities for different market participants.At the same time the system was introduced improvements was possible to invest Papal, and receive monthly dividends. In February 2002, the U. S. Stock market, Papal will put sh bes at $ 900 million. And in 2006, the electronic payment system Papal was awarded the Best Financial Site A year later, the system had procurable for users of Papal in Russia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Astrakhan. In 2008, Papal has released a card Papal Top Up, which allowed the system to overstretch a new range of customers and has made it possible to provide services in off-line mode.Papal become famous revolution in the oral of information technology, as allowed to make payments instantly even out with a regular mobile phone. In order to send or receive money, do non need to do anything to make out enough to activate and send a message Today, the rum system Papal the unchallenged leader in its sector and so far no one service does not attract the same number of customers as the project. Papal is licensed agencies that monitor and charm the activities of all financial institutions in the U. S. , so the system has a certain impact on the inbuilt sector.All electronic user accounts are ensured, are denominated in U. S. Currency, money is in the bank Wells Fargo. It is also important that the system is constantly evolving many famous people say this is what the Internet as the main factor of popularity. Thus, the service now supports not only the U. S. Currency , but much(prenominal) different currencies , the Euro , Australian dollar , Ca nadian dollar , pound sterling, Chinese Yuan , the Japanese yen , the Hungarian forint , the Hong Kong dollar , the Danish and Czech crown , the Polish zloty , New Zealand dollar, Singapore dollar , the Norwegian crone , the Swiss bank and theSwedish Akron . Also among the benefits of the famous service Papal, which determine its relevance , it is worth noting , such as the level best ease of use , user- friendly interface, international, multilingual and multi-currency , the ability of mobile payments, the level best level of safety , amends funds. Implementation of transactions in multiple currencies at the same time In the Papal system created function Working with different currencies to facilitate payments amongst foreign parties. Papal offers veer rate, competitive exchange rates relative to other client services.The most current information on exchange rates based on the interbrain exchange rates Inter-bank exchange rates are established in the course of currency trading in a global network of more than 1,000 banks, and the channels are not available to customers or retailers. Customers drop use these courses are for reference purposes, but should not trust on the inter-bank exchange rates in transactions where the conversion takes place. For current rates contact your local anesthetic financial institution or an exchange office or see the course, reflected in your transaction Papal. 3. 0 Papal increasing to globalizationThe online payment system Papal has announced the beginning of its work on the market at once, and 87 new states. Therefore, the list of countries with which operates Papal increased to 190. List of new countries includes countries such as Albania , Algeria , Angola , Antigen and Barbuda , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Belize , Benign , Bhutan , Bolivia, Bosnia and Herringbone , Bulgaria , Burning Fast , Burundi , Cambodia , Chad , Colombia , Cosmos , Democratic country of the Congo , Republic of the Congo , Cook Islands , Outside , Dominica , El Salvador , Reiterate , Ethiopia , FareIslands, Gabon , Gambia , Greenland , Grenade , Guatemala , Guiana , Guiana- Bissau , Guyana , Honduras, Astrakhan , Kenya , Jackrabbit, Kuwait, Gyrations , Laos , Lesotho , Madagascar , Malawi , Mali , Marshall Islands , Mauritania , Micronesia , Mongolia , Morocco , Macaque , Naira , Nepal , Nicaragua , Niger , Nine, Norfolk Island , Oman , Papal , boater , Papua Papua New Guiana, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines , San Marino , SAA Tome and Principle , Saudi Arabia , Senegal , Seychelles , Sierra Leone , Somalia , Sir Lankan, Surname,Scabbard and Ian Mane , Swaziland , Atkinson , Tanzania , Transmittal , Tuba , Uganda , Vaunt , Vatican metropolis , Yemen and Zambia . pass oning support for new languages will primarily Spanish- , French- and Chinese- speaking users to avoid a certain kind of awe when making online purchases. Customers using the web browser on one of these common chord langua ges , with the first site jaw will be prompt to translate it into the language of their browser. We are very excited about our amplification into new markets around the world, as well as adding the ability to view our website in three ewe languages. juvenile innovation allows users to directly in 46 countries and work with us in their own language. This will uphold make both internal and international payments easier and safer for millions of customers around the world, commented innovation Dana Stalled (Dana Stalled), senior vice president of Papal. Add that to the moment Papal has 143 million user accounts worldwide.In the first quarter of 2007, the volume of payments through Papal amounted to more than $ 11 billion. Http//ahead. Org/archives/ahead_archive/may-Junco/0066. HTML Globalization in e-commerce Papal arrives in Russia November 1, the international online payment system Papal starts working with Russian rubles. This information is contained in the text of the amendmen ts to the User Agreement and Privacy insurance policy Papal. As the portal Moneys. Our, document, in particular, establishes an equivalent charged for transactions through Papal commissions in Russian rubles.Thus, the fixed charge for domestic payments in foreign currency will be 10 rubles, and for incompetents between users from different countries only 2 of the ruble. The maximum size of the Commission for Mass Payments in Russia and around the world is set at 240 rubles and 1,400 rubles, respectively. The fee for greenbacks will be 64 rubles. For active users Papal, freelancers, online stores and services especially germane(predicate) is the question of the possibility of withdrawing from a purse in the Papal account in a Russian bank. Confirmed information on this matter until it has none.Back in April 2012, Papal will filed documents with the CAB to create a non-bank credit organizations ( Nags), but still do not know at what stage the approval of documents . upbeat predi ctions that the withdrawal of funds to the accounts of Russian banks will be available simultaneously with the upcoming November 1 changes can neither confirm nor deny. On the one hand, of course, the arrival of Papal will make an additional stimulation to the development of e- commerce in Russia at the expense of the same eBay and foreign online stores often provide more favorable conditions for buyers.On the other hand, many experts and members of the Russian market of e-commerce users to predict the outflow popular now in the country of online payment service to Papal. The undoubted advantage for Runner is to increase the level of confidence of taxpayers to payments on the net and projected in connection with the introduction of market growth Papal e- commerce in general, Russia 4. 0 Do you use Papal? Yes, of course I use.And here are the rationalnesss why I make Papal Because, Papal is the easiest and safest method of payment, which will save you the headache and confusion c an quickly defecate a successful positive feedback. Once the client has paid for the goods, Papal immediately, within a few seconds sends you an telecommunicate notification that the money is credited to the account. Nice to wake up in the morning, open the email and see the yawning so dear words muff got Cash Papal is enjoyed by people from 190 countries. What else is good Papal to me?Do you have the money in the account, which will allow you to name a debit card fast enough If the situation is such that you cannot use a credit card relative, and get a debit card there is no possibility of that is not available even hundreds of dollars, which would be put in a bank account, Papal will take you Just a cool way out of the situation. After 60 days of opening a Papal account and the money is transferred o this account from trading on eBay, make an application for obtaining card. Debit card Papal allows you to pay for goods and services both online and in real life.You can open one of the three types of accounts on Papal in the flesh(predicate) Accounts, Premier Accounts, Business Accounts. Open the Premier Account, as in the Personal there are many limitations, such as the owners of Personal Accounts debit card is not entitled. In the case of Premier Accounts you will have a good prospect of a debit card, and a little later, and credit cards. When you send money to the Premier Account, then you will not be taking fee. If you sold it on eBay and either you received money on account, Papal will take with you a small fee.According to statistics, about 78 % of the visitors are eBays Papal account. Buyers who do not have such an account could send me a check or Money Order, but I deliberately refuse this. I refuse it for one reason I want to live in peace. The fact is that, the letters move checks. Sometimes the letters are delayed, buyers are nervous, youre too worried. I cannot force you to use your example preponderantly Papal for billing the customer, each with its own head on his holders, but I cannot resist the placard I am very happy with Palsys service. 5. Conclusion If briefly conclude, today, the remarkable system Papal the undisputed leader in its sector and so far no one service does not attract the same number of customers as the project. Also among the benefits of the famous service Papal, which determine its relevance , it is worth noting , such as the maximum ease of use , user-friendly interface , international, multilingual and multi-currency , the ability of mobile payments , the maximum level of safety , insurance funds. And that the company is irking without stopping in many countries to satisfy their customers.Example for innovation is mobile wallet Papal is ready to accelerate their adoption by the insertion of additional services designed to give consumers a reason to use the Papal wallet into several categories and merchants to give a reason to consider adding another method of payment. If Papal has several fea tures, so why dont use it? My choice is Papal. 6. 0 Reference World Wide Web HTTPS//www. Papal-media. Com/ http//www. Freelancer. Mix/page. PH? P=info/terms HTTPS//www. Papal-media. Com/history