Water Gas Definition and Uses

Water gas is a combustion fuel containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2). Water gas is made by passing steam over heated hydrocarbons. The reaction between steam and hydrocarbons produces synthesis gas. The water-gas shift reaction can be used to reduce carbon dioxide levels and enrich hydrogen content, making water gas. The water-gas shift reaction is: CO H2O → CO2Â   H2 History The water-gas shift reaction was first described in 1780 by Italian physicist Felice Fontana. In 1828, water gas was produced in England by blowing steam across white-hot coke. In 1873, Thaddeus S.C. Lowe patented a process that used the water-gas shift reaction to enrich the gas with hydrogen. In Lowes process, pressurized steam was shot over hot coal, with heat maintained using chimneys. The resulting gas was cooled and scrubbed before use. Lowes process led to the rise of the gas manufacturing industry and the development of similar processes for other gases, such as the Haber-Bosch process to synthesize ammonia. As ammonia became available, the refrigeration industry rose. Lowe held patents for ice machines and devices that ran on hydrogen gas. Production The principle of water gas production is straightforward. Steam is forced over red-hot or white-hot carbon-based fuel, producing the following reaction: H2O C → H2Â   CO (ΔH 131Â  kJ/mol) This reaction is endothermic (absorbs heat), so heat must be added to sustain it. There are two ways this is done. One is to alternate between steam and air to cause combustion of some carbon (an exothermic process): O2Â   C → CO2Â  (ΔH −393.5Â  kJ/mol) The other method is to use oxygen gas rather than air, which yields carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide: O2Â   2 C → 2 CO (ΔH −221Â  kJ/mol) Different Forms of Water Gas There are different types of water gas. The composition of the resulting gas depends on the process used to make it: Water gas shift reaction gas: This is the name given to water gas made using the water-gas shift reaction to obtain pure hydrogen (or at least enriched hydrogen). The carbon monoxide from the initial reaction is reacted with water to remove carbon dioxide, leaving only the hydrogen gas.Semi-water gas: Semi-water gas is a mixture of water gas and producer gas. Producer gas is the name of fuel gas derived from coal or coke, as opposed to natural gas. Semi-water gas is made by collecting the gas produced when steam is alternated with air to burn coke to maintain a high enough temperature to sustain the water gas reaction.Carburetted water gas: Carburetted water gas is produced to enhance the energy value of water gas, which is ordinarily lower than that of coal gas. Water gas is carburetted by passing it through a heated retort which has been sprayed with oil. Uses of Water Gas Water gas used in the synthesis of some industrial processes: To remove carbon dioxide from fuel cells.Reacted with producer gas to make fuel gas.It is used in the Fischer-Tropsch process.It is used to obtain pure hydrogen to synthesize ammonia.

E-Commerce -Golden Screen Cinemas (Gsc) - 4805 Words

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (HONS) ACCOUNTING BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HONS) ENTREPRENEURSHIP UBAI3013 E-COMMERCE (MAY 2010) 1. Background The company we had selected is the largest chain of cinemas in Malaysia, Golden Screen Cinemas (GSC). It was founded in 1981 as Golden Communications Circuit, while the Cathay is the one of the oldest cinemas in Malaysia until 1998. At the same time the website has been launch in 1981. Besides, GSC was founded in 1998 as a merger of Golden Communications (GC) Circuit and Cathay Cinemas. The merger has resulted in the biggest single entity in the Malaysian cinema entertainment business. The first GSC cinema to operate in Malaysia was opened in Kota Kinabalu on 14†¦show more content†¦The website also available e-ticketing service. Customer can buy and book the ticket online. | | Has a navigation bar (e.g, shows the buyer the different pages within the site and where the buyer can go). | Yes | The navigation bar was consistent throughout the website. Exhibit 2.1-Navigation BarThere are navigation bar on the top of the website that display â€Å"offersamp; events†, †Å"movie†, â€Å"news†, â€Å"show times amp; ticketing† and â€Å"contest†. Buyer’s can click on the navigation bar and choose the different pages they can view for more information. | | Has contrasting colors (e.g., uses light background w/dark letters or dark background w/light letters). | Yes | The website uses light orange background with dark letters. This shows the background is attractive and the words are clear for buyer to view it. | | No scroll down option (e.g., has all the information on the screen and the buyer is not required to use a scroll left/right or down to see everything on the page). | No | The website has scroll down option and it would be beneficial to have this option as it enable the viewer to obtain more information in a single page. | | Has Intranet links (e.g., provides to take the buyer to other pages within the web site and does not take the buyer to a different web site). | Yes | When buyer clicks on it, these links b ring buyer to other pages within the website and doesn’t take buyer to a different website. | | Uses subject tabs (e.g., uses subjectShow MoreRelatedimpact of technology in service industry1855 Words   |  8 Pagestransfer, loan application and repayments and also buying investment product. On the other hand, non transactional activities are included account balance viewing, viewing of previous bank transactions, bank statement downloading, check book ordering, E banking application downloading and also the provision of account or bank statement. According to statistic from Bank Negara Malaysia, the number of internet banking and mobile internet subscriber in Malaysia has increased since year 1995. Table 1

Great expectation Novel vs Film Free Essays

In 2012, Mike Newell created a film replicating one of Charles Dickens’s famous novels Great Expectations. Both novel and film both are set in Kent, England and recount us through the life of a young commoner named Pip. Pip eventually moves to London and has wealth bestowed upon him by an anonymous benefactor. We will write a custom essay sample on Great expectation Novel vs Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the money he receives, Pip is able to become a gentleman. The film was not an effective representation of the novel because the omission of certain characters, the haracters are presented differently than they are In the book and the story Is told through dialogue instead of narration. Due to the film being so fast and compressed, some of the Characters are left out. For example, the character that was missing In the film was a menacing, broad-shouldered, loose-limbed (15. 35) cruel man named Orllck. Dickens uses these types of characters In his novel to set a cruel nature and to give an unpleasant feeling of threat. The omission of Orllck Is significant because it does not allow the audience to see PIP’s final repentance. This is important because it is when pip realizes his guilt and disloyalty towards his loved ones, Joe and Biddy. Another instance is when Orlick is interested in Biddy, as a result she becomes frightened, and this leads to his hatred and disgust towards Pip. Orlick began to bully Pip. Without Orlick, viewers are unable to see the characteristics of his cruelty, and the unpleasant feeling, atmosphere that he gives towards people and the protagonist. Another difference between the novel and the film was that some characters are represented differently. Dickens portrays Estella as a cold hearted, unloving and one whose goal is to break others men’s hearts in the novel. She shows no feelings of love towards men and especially not towards Pip. In the film, Holliday Grainger, the one who played Estella poorly presented Estella. For example, when Pip comes back to see Estella and Miss. Havisham, She speaks to him with care and love, showing her feelings and affections towards Pip. Another character that was poorly presented in the film was Wemmick. In the novel, Dickens howed his dual personality between his â€Å"Office â€Å"and â€Å"Walworth† personality. Although his â€Å"Walworth† personality was shown in the film, his office personality was not. At the offce, he seems to have his loving and kind personality towards others and especially to Pip. These changes make the viewers view Estella and Wemmlcka completely dfferent way, not the way that Charles Dickens’s intended. In the film of Great Expectations, there was no narration. Dickens wrote the novel from the point of view of the protagonist Pip. Throughout the novel, Pip usually spends most of his time expressing his feelings and thoughts through narration. In fact, Newell did not portray fully the details of PIP’s love for Estella. In the novel, through the narrations, Pip expresses his feelings and love for Estella and his love for her was the reason why he wanted to become a gentleman, wanting to Impress her. In the film, It seems that Pip only lust over Estella and makes It seems that he Is only attracted to her because of her appearance. Jeremy Irvine, the actor of PIP uses dialogue and ctions to portray Pip’s feelings and emotions. Although the dialogue and actions help the audience know about Pip’s character, viewers are unable to identify the true similar in comparison to Dicken’s novel. However the omission of certain characters, the way characters are presented, and the narration make the film different enough to illicit a different response from the viewer as opposed to the reader. This difference in response indicates that the film is not an adequate representation of the novel. How to cite Great expectation Novel vs Film, Papers

Labor Force Participation Rate free essay sample

Question 1a Figure 1. 1 Unemployment Rate in Japan. Figure 1. 2 Labor participation rate for total, male and female. Figure 1. 1 Shows unemployment rate is on the upward rising trend since year 1980 to year 2008. An increase in unemployment is seen from year 1980 to year 1986, then follow by a slight decrease in year 1987 to 1991 and continue to increase steadily from year 1992 to 2002 reaching a record of 5. 4% high unemployment rate in year 2002. However, from year 2003 to 2008, a decrease in unemployment rate is observed. Figure 1. 2 shows the labor participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) had been decreasing since year 1980 to 2008. In year 1980 – 1983 there is an uprising trend, showing an increase in labor participation rate. Year 1984 to 1988, the labor participation rate, total decreases. Then it increases to an all time high at year 1991. After that, year 1992 onwards a drastic falls in the labor participation rate, total happens to year 2004. Year 2005 – 2008, has a relatively constant labor participation rate, total. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Force Participation Rate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relationship of unemployment and total, female and male labor force participation rate are examined. The discourage worker effect is the major reason that causes the total labor forces to decline during the weak economy (Saito, 2000). The Japanese are at the stage of aging population and young persons pursuing higher level of educational attainment directly had cause the Japanese not to join the labor force after being retrenched. During year 1997 to 2000s, elderly person has mostly reached the retirement age, while this period most of the younger generation choose to go to college. Both old and young age feels discourage join the high unemployment rate, and therefore not to participate. Figure 1. 2 shows the labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) had been decreasing since year 1980 to 2008. In year 1980 to 1989 there is a sharp decrease in the labor participation rate, male. A small increase is seen on year 1990 to 1993. Next, an extreme decrease in labor participation rate, male happens from year 1994 to 2008. In Japan, the male labors force participation rate decrease because the discourage worker effect dominates. The reason that male labors force choose to quit from the labor force during recession is that they feel themselves are not under the current economic situation, not favorable working hours or salary and also not suitable for own knowledge or skill (Kawata Naganuma, 2010). Male labors felt them self very discourage from continuing to search for new jobs during the bad times. They have a negative perception about their jobs and choose to be homemakers. Thus, they choose to quit at this time, causing the male labor forces to decrease. Discourage worker effect dominates from year 1990s to 2002 during the economic downturn. Figure 1. 2 shows a big fluctuation is observed in the labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) from year 1980 – 2008. An uprising trend is seen from year 1980 to year 1992; a declining trend is exercised from year 1993- 2004. Year 2004 – 2008, the labor participation rate, female had shown a small increase yearly. When unemployment is high, female labor participation rate is high. Due to job security and income for male is declining, causes females to work even after their marriage. Female feels that their husband’s income could no longer full fill the breadwinner’s role in the Japan society. Due to the economic downturn, most jobs concentrated in non-regular jobs, mostly part – time jobs. These part time jobs had attracted women to join the labor force because work is relatively more flexible; it allows women to balance work and home responsibilities (Osawa, 2004). Female now find that they need to work in order to ensure they are having adequate family income. This shows that, the added effect had dominated in the female labor force.