Water Gas Definition and Uses

Water gas is a combustion fuel containing carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen gas (H2). Water gas is made by passing steam over heated hydrocarbons. The reaction between steam and hydrocarbons produces synthesis gas. The water-gas shift reaction can be used to reduce carbon dioxide levels and enrich hydrogen content, making water gas. The water-gas shift reaction is: CO H2O → CO2Â   H2 History The water-gas shift reaction was first described in 1780 by Italian physicist Felice Fontana. In 1828, water gas was produced in England by blowing steam across white-hot coke. In 1873, Thaddeus S.C. Lowe patented a process that used the water-gas shift reaction to enrich the gas with hydrogen. In Lowes process, pressurized steam was shot over hot coal, with heat maintained using chimneys. The resulting gas was cooled and scrubbed before use. Lowes process led to the rise of the gas manufacturing industry and the development of similar processes for other gases, such as the Haber-Bosch process to synthesize ammonia. As ammonia became available, the refrigeration industry rose. Lowe held patents for ice machines and devices that ran on hydrogen gas. Production The principle of water gas production is straightforward. Steam is forced over red-hot or white-hot carbon-based fuel, producing the following reaction: H2O C → H2Â   CO (ΔH 131Â  kJ/mol) This reaction is endothermic (absorbs heat), so heat must be added to sustain it. There are two ways this is done. One is to alternate between steam and air to cause combustion of some carbon (an exothermic process): O2Â   C → CO2Â  (ΔH −393.5Â  kJ/mol) The other method is to use oxygen gas rather than air, which yields carbon monoxide rather than carbon dioxide: O2Â   2 C → 2 CO (ΔH −221Â  kJ/mol) Different Forms of Water Gas There are different types of water gas. The composition of the resulting gas depends on the process used to make it: Water gas shift reaction gas: This is the name given to water gas made using the water-gas shift reaction to obtain pure hydrogen (or at least enriched hydrogen). The carbon monoxide from the initial reaction is reacted with water to remove carbon dioxide, leaving only the hydrogen gas.Semi-water gas: Semi-water gas is a mixture of water gas and producer gas. Producer gas is the name of fuel gas derived from coal or coke, as opposed to natural gas. Semi-water gas is made by collecting the gas produced when steam is alternated with air to burn coke to maintain a high enough temperature to sustain the water gas reaction.Carburetted water gas: Carburetted water gas is produced to enhance the energy value of water gas, which is ordinarily lower than that of coal gas. Water gas is carburetted by passing it through a heated retort which has been sprayed with oil. Uses of Water Gas Water gas used in the synthesis of some industrial processes: To remove carbon dioxide from fuel cells.Reacted with producer gas to make fuel gas.It is used in the Fischer-Tropsch process.It is used to obtain pure hydrogen to synthesize ammonia.

E-Commerce -Golden Screen Cinemas (Gsc) - 4805 Words

UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN BACHELOR OF COMMERCE (HONS) ACCOUNTING BACHELOR OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION (HONS) ENTREPRENEURSHIP UBAI3013 E-COMMERCE (MAY 2010) 1. Background The company we had selected is the largest chain of cinemas in Malaysia, Golden Screen Cinemas (GSC). It was founded in 1981 as Golden Communications Circuit, while the Cathay is the one of the oldest cinemas in Malaysia until 1998. At the same time the website has been launch in 1981. Besides, GSC was founded in 1998 as a merger of Golden Communications (GC) Circuit and Cathay Cinemas. The merger has resulted in the biggest single entity in the Malaysian cinema entertainment business. The first GSC cinema to operate in Malaysia was opened in Kota Kinabalu on 14†¦show more content†¦The website also available e-ticketing service. Customer can buy and book the ticket online. | | Has a navigation bar (e.g, shows the buyer the different pages within the site and where the buyer can go). | Yes | The navigation bar was consistent throughout the website. Exhibit 2.1-Navigation BarThere are navigation bar on the top of the website that display â€Å"offersamp; events†, †Å"movie†, â€Å"news†, â€Å"show times amp; ticketing† and â€Å"contest†. Buyer’s can click on the navigation bar and choose the different pages they can view for more information. | | Has contrasting colors (e.g., uses light background w/dark letters or dark background w/light letters). | Yes | The website uses light orange background with dark letters. This shows the background is attractive and the words are clear for buyer to view it. | | No scroll down option (e.g., has all the information on the screen and the buyer is not required to use a scroll left/right or down to see everything on the page). | No | The website has scroll down option and it would be beneficial to have this option as it enable the viewer to obtain more information in a single page. | | Has Intranet links (e.g., provides to take the buyer to other pages within the web site and does not take the buyer to a different web site). | Yes | When buyer clicks on it, these links b ring buyer to other pages within the website and doesn’t take buyer to a different website. | | Uses subject tabs (e.g., uses subjectShow MoreRelatedimpact of technology in service industry1855 Words   |  8 Pagestransfer, loan application and repayments and also buying investment product. On the other hand, non transactional activities are included account balance viewing, viewing of previous bank transactions, bank statement downloading, check book ordering, E banking application downloading and also the provision of account or bank statement. According to statistic from Bank Negara Malaysia, the number of internet banking and mobile internet subscriber in Malaysia has increased since year 1995. Table 1

Great expectation Novel vs Film Free Essays

In 2012, Mike Newell created a film replicating one of Charles Dickens’s famous novels Great Expectations. Both novel and film both are set in Kent, England and recount us through the life of a young commoner named Pip. Pip eventually moves to London and has wealth bestowed upon him by an anonymous benefactor. We will write a custom essay sample on Great expectation Novel vs Film or any similar topic only for you Order Now With the money he receives, Pip is able to become a gentleman. The film was not an effective representation of the novel because the omission of certain characters, the haracters are presented differently than they are In the book and the story Is told through dialogue instead of narration. Due to the film being so fast and compressed, some of the Characters are left out. For example, the character that was missing In the film was a menacing, broad-shouldered, loose-limbed (15. 35) cruel man named Orllck. Dickens uses these types of characters In his novel to set a cruel nature and to give an unpleasant feeling of threat. The omission of Orllck Is significant because it does not allow the audience to see PIP’s final repentance. This is important because it is when pip realizes his guilt and disloyalty towards his loved ones, Joe and Biddy. Another instance is when Orlick is interested in Biddy, as a result she becomes frightened, and this leads to his hatred and disgust towards Pip. Orlick began to bully Pip. Without Orlick, viewers are unable to see the characteristics of his cruelty, and the unpleasant feeling, atmosphere that he gives towards people and the protagonist. Another difference between the novel and the film was that some characters are represented differently. Dickens portrays Estella as a cold hearted, unloving and one whose goal is to break others men’s hearts in the novel. She shows no feelings of love towards men and especially not towards Pip. In the film, Holliday Grainger, the one who played Estella poorly presented Estella. For example, when Pip comes back to see Estella and Miss. Havisham, She speaks to him with care and love, showing her feelings and affections towards Pip. Another character that was poorly presented in the film was Wemmick. In the novel, Dickens howed his dual personality between his â€Å"Office â€Å"and â€Å"Walworth† personality. Although his â€Å"Walworth† personality was shown in the film, his office personality was not. At the offce, he seems to have his loving and kind personality towards others and especially to Pip. These changes make the viewers view Estella and Wemmlcka completely dfferent way, not the way that Charles Dickens’s intended. In the film of Great Expectations, there was no narration. Dickens wrote the novel from the point of view of the protagonist Pip. Throughout the novel, Pip usually spends most of his time expressing his feelings and thoughts through narration. In fact, Newell did not portray fully the details of PIP’s love for Estella. In the novel, through the narrations, Pip expresses his feelings and love for Estella and his love for her was the reason why he wanted to become a gentleman, wanting to Impress her. In the film, It seems that Pip only lust over Estella and makes It seems that he Is only attracted to her because of her appearance. Jeremy Irvine, the actor of PIP uses dialogue and ctions to portray Pip’s feelings and emotions. Although the dialogue and actions help the audience know about Pip’s character, viewers are unable to identify the true similar in comparison to Dicken’s novel. However the omission of certain characters, the way characters are presented, and the narration make the film different enough to illicit a different response from the viewer as opposed to the reader. This difference in response indicates that the film is not an adequate representation of the novel. How to cite Great expectation Novel vs Film, Papers

Labor Force Participation Rate free essay sample

Question 1a Figure 1. 1 Unemployment Rate in Japan. Figure 1. 2 Labor participation rate for total, male and female. Figure 1. 1 Shows unemployment rate is on the upward rising trend since year 1980 to year 2008. An increase in unemployment is seen from year 1980 to year 1986, then follow by a slight decrease in year 1987 to 1991 and continue to increase steadily from year 1992 to 2002 reaching a record of 5. 4% high unemployment rate in year 2002. However, from year 2003 to 2008, a decrease in unemployment rate is observed. Figure 1. 2 shows the labor participation rate, total (% of total population ages 15+) had been decreasing since year 1980 to 2008. In year 1980 – 1983 there is an uprising trend, showing an increase in labor participation rate. Year 1984 to 1988, the labor participation rate, total decreases. Then it increases to an all time high at year 1991. After that, year 1992 onwards a drastic falls in the labor participation rate, total happens to year 2004. Year 2005 – 2008, has a relatively constant labor participation rate, total. We will write a custom essay sample on Labor Force Participation Rate or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The relationship of unemployment and total, female and male labor force participation rate are examined. The discourage worker effect is the major reason that causes the total labor forces to decline during the weak economy (Saito, 2000). The Japanese are at the stage of aging population and young persons pursuing higher level of educational attainment directly had cause the Japanese not to join the labor force after being retrenched. During year 1997 to 2000s, elderly person has mostly reached the retirement age, while this period most of the younger generation choose to go to college. Both old and young age feels discourage join the high unemployment rate, and therefore not to participate. Figure 1. 2 shows the labor participation rate, male (% of male population ages 15+) had been decreasing since year 1980 to 2008. In year 1980 to 1989 there is a sharp decrease in the labor participation rate, male. A small increase is seen on year 1990 to 1993. Next, an extreme decrease in labor participation rate, male happens from year 1994 to 2008. In Japan, the male labors force participation rate decrease because the discourage worker effect dominates. The reason that male labors force choose to quit from the labor force during recession is that they feel themselves are not under the current economic situation, not favorable working hours or salary and also not suitable for own knowledge or skill (Kawata Naganuma, 2010). Male labors felt them self very discourage from continuing to search for new jobs during the bad times. They have a negative perception about their jobs and choose to be homemakers. Thus, they choose to quit at this time, causing the male labor forces to decrease. Discourage worker effect dominates from year 1990s to 2002 during the economic downturn. Figure 1. 2 shows a big fluctuation is observed in the labor participation rate, female (% of female population ages 15+) from year 1980 – 2008. An uprising trend is seen from year 1980 to year 1992; a declining trend is exercised from year 1993- 2004. Year 2004 – 2008, the labor participation rate, female had shown a small increase yearly. When unemployment is high, female labor participation rate is high. Due to job security and income for male is declining, causes females to work even after their marriage. Female feels that their husband’s income could no longer full fill the breadwinner’s role in the Japan society. Due to the economic downturn, most jobs concentrated in non-regular jobs, mostly part – time jobs. These part time jobs had attracted women to join the labor force because work is relatively more flexible; it allows women to balance work and home responsibilities (Osawa, 2004). Female now find that they need to work in order to ensure they are having adequate family income. This shows that, the added effect had dominated in the female labor force.

Charlie Chaplin Essays (525 words) - Chaplin Family, Charlie Chaplin

Charlie Chaplin Charlie Chaplin Charles Spencer Chaplin was born in Walworth, London on April 16, 1889. His parents, Charles and Hannah Chaplin were music hall performers in England, his father was quite well know in the profession. Charlie had one sibling, a brother named Sydney. At a very early age Charlie was told that someday he would be the most famous person in the world. Charlie first appeared onstage at the age of six as an unscheduled substitute for his mother. When his performance was over the audience was throwing money up onto the stage, they loved him, and he was on his way to being the most famous person in he world. Charlie had a very difficult childhood, by the time he had performed onstage for the first time his father had already left home permently. In June of 1896 Charlie, Sydney and their mother were forced to enter the Lambeth Workhouse for the poor. Soon after the two boys were sent to Hanwell School for Orphans and Destitute Children. Two years later after Charlies mother had a breakdown he and Sydney went to live with their father and his mistress. In the same year Charlie joined the dancing troupe, the Eight Lancashire Lads. Which eventually led to his parts in Sherlock Holmes and a few other parts. At the same time his brother Sydney had joined the famous Fred Karno Company and there he quickly became a leading player and writer. Late in the year 1900 Charlie is cast as a cat in a production of Cinderella at the London Hippodrome. Less than a month later his father died from Alcoholism. Soon afterwards his mother Hannah is committed to the Cane Hill Asylum, and never completely recovers her sanity. For almost the next ten years Charlie performs in various rolls throughout Europe. In September of 1910 Charlie leaves Europe with the Karno Troupe for a tour in the United States and Canada. Over the next fifty-six years Chaplin stars in, directs, produces, and composes music for countless films in America and throughout the world. The most notable of the se films would be, The Tramp (1915) and The Kid (1921). On October 23, 1918 Chaplin married Mildred Harris. In the same year as The Kid Charlie gives his mother a home in California where she dies on April 28, 1928. From 1952 to 1972 Charlie did not visit the United States for a multitude of reasons, one reason being, Charlie was accused of being a Communist by a McCarthyite. Throughout his time Charlie's life was filled with scandals, he was married four times and one of which, to Paulette Goddard is still filled with mystery. Charlie was awarded quite a few honors, including; The Actors Guild Award, an honorary Oscar, the Golden Lion Statuette, and an Oscar. The New York Film Critics vote Chaplin the best actor of the year award in 1940, but he turned it down. And to top everything off was Knighted by Queen Elizabeth 11, of England. Charlie died on Christmas day 1977 at 4:00 A.M. at his estate in Switzerland at the age of eighty-eight. Biographies

DTLLS Unit Seven The WritePass Journal

DTLLS Unit Seven Introduction DTLLS Unit Seven IntroductionPart 2:Part 3:Part 3, 4References:Related Introduction It is unquestionable that each individual requires idiosyncratic conditions to nourish a growth and development that will turn them into the person they become. These conditions are provided through the institute of education through comprehensive knowledge of the educational infrastructure and the requirements and variety of qualities that each student presents. Looking at myself, I can say that my learning environment was the most crucial part of my life, encouraging me to step into the world and pursue a career I enjoy. It proved efficient in establishing personal competence, social and qualitative skills, as well as allowing proficient gains in knowledge and autonomy. Since learning is a continuous process in an individual’s life, the qualities carried influence following stages and hence the importance of methods of teaching and evaluation is consequential. The contribution of learning to economic growth is one of many challenges in our society today. Teachers have a large impact on the skills and developmental skills student’s carry with them to aspire to a career into that sector. It is crucial to provide student with more than just facts but the tools that will ‘increase aspirations and awareness of the value of skills to them’ (Leitch Review of Skills Final Report, 2006). As study shows that our out-of-class experiences are just as important as the ones we learn in class (George D. Kuh, 1995). They have an increasing influence on the way things are viewed in the curriculum and that leads me to the conclusion that students with less social ability may be at a higher risk of employing a career in which they are less defined compared to those with higher sociability that would pursue careers that are suitable to their defined characteristic’s and abilities.   Therefore, treating each student individually wi ll encourage those individuals that are unable to flourish within their environments to identify themselves and accept achievements and skills in pursuit of specific careers. Furthermore, Dewey provides an understanding on reflection on such experiences and its importance in promoting a more complex and interrelated mental schema (Wertenbroch Nabeth, 2000). It generally helps to sum up knowledge from experiences and education and construct it mentally and use it in professional practice and to understand the world. To guide persons into higher order thinking through the skills learned in class is a significant target. Lack of it can be a result of environment, learning and reduced tasks of reflection. As an educator I believe reflection is integral in the lifelong learning process and to encourage it is to encourage promotion in economical growth. By adding depth to the meanings of observations and descriptions made in class it is possible to relate to the individual and reach the acquired goal in this specific area. The methods employed in class will improve personal development and enhance the interest in learning as a whole. Using descriptive writing reports, which allow the students to reason based on their personal judgment and encourage problem solving, is an essential. As to the facts, Hatton Smith reported four activities that aid the process of reflection: Action research projects, case and cultural studies, practical experiences, structured curriculum tasks like reading fiction and non-fiction as well as oral interviews and keeping journals. Community regeneration can be made through advancements in the institute of education and better teachers with a more rounded understanding of the world. Part 2: Waves of change have been implemented in the educational sector and our perception of it and the ability to cope with it have proved difficult. Policy can be viewed as the method of bettering and increasing the opportunities for learners in order for them to acquire qualifications and improve their capabilities. However, it has been a challenge for the sector to mend the system in a way that is equally beneficial to both the staff and the students. Some say: Changing the way things are done does not necessarily change either the ultimate outputs of the system or the underlying principles that characterize the sector. These principles lie in the cultural and professional values and the societal expectations that underpin the system at the macro-scale. (Lumby and Foskett, 2005:27). On the other hand, some believe it can destroy the system: â€Å"Commitment to the learners may not, however, be enough to help staff cope with the pressures of further waves of change.†(Paper, 2005) Agreeably, it is a large responsibility that the teaching staff must take on but it is nevertheless a high target to attain especially when it is constantly changing. Having said this, it is obvious in the current educational society, reforms made have a strong impact on the teaching staff and eventually trickling down to the students. To maintain the principles previously mentioned you must diligently teach without forgetting the why and which questions that strongly affect a minority of students whilst teaching a group for example. So it can be said that these fluctuations effect students and the teachers, which seems somewhat counterproductive to achieve a more efficient educational system. The major problem now is that because of funding cuts, schools and their staff are unable to further use equipment and facilities to achieve new and exciting methods of teaching younger student, which limits student interest and inevitably lack of interest in education as a whole. The effects that educational reform have on the learning circle produces different repercussions with the younger ones with comparison to the older students it has been seen throug h some studies that adjustments in examination style or just general curriculum changes proves difficult to adjust to. Therefore it is wise to take extra caution in primary school classes in order to guide the children appropriately and through educational standards allow them to feel stable. To further enforce, it is the responsibility of the teaching staff to not let reforms affect the teaching in the classroom. Furthermore, it is mandatory to view the way changes in the past have allowed us to cope with the changes that will come in the future. Currently, the educational climate has been continually changing to establish a more equipped foundation for each current climate and the challenges they face. The advantage of this is that it has given teachers and staff of today a better understanding of how to prepare and acclimatize to change without major impact on teaching and student.   Past teaching experiences have shown that during changes in the system, there is a great deal of confusion in curriculum and teaching, which has made the transition to the new system harder for teachers to cope with and ultimately effect the students learning. Under initiative leadership, all staff members are expected to take responsibility for the successes of the teaching and implementation, which by definition portray a high priority on improving and maintaining an effective educational system. Leadership in a participative group will be matched to the tasks identified by the group, and leaders will emerge with sanction from the group. Thanks to past generations of teaching faculty we have consciously learnt that all levels of education in this country are primarily about teaching without recognizing what is required to develop a highly functional group.   Students don’t have a primary role in what is to be taught. Students wait to be told what to do and how this is to be achieved.   Teaching, instigated by the authorities, places the student in a strict relationship with the teacher and their teachers only. Fortunately there are some good teachers who encourage and facilitate learning, but we have mostly teachers who tell their students what has been decided they need to study and learn in the classroom. Finally, constructive learning is a personal journey, resulting from the maintenance of a steady practice and of personal motivation.   Learning that is the way forward in education and an adventure essentially under the control of the individual, encircled by the developmental capabilities that are e ncountered throughout the course, and with time and maturation is constricted somewhat by the method and course of experiences open to the teacher and student. Part 3: Evaluation has always been a key and a significant role in successfully maintaining a constructive and adherent learning environment. It allows the teacher and the teaching staff to better understand the fluctuations of student understanding and of specific subjects at specific times during the educational year. It allows for struggling students to understand their difficulties and with the teachers help better their understanding, it allows for exceeding students to push their learning capacity and achieve higher than expectations. Evaluation has always been, and always will be a key, decisive and imperative pillar in education. However some faculties in the educational society believe that by early evaluation of students since the age of 6 in their first year of primary school have many downfalls to it including stress, teacher’s favouritism and students not enjoying the time they have in school which ultimately defies the concept of learning and teaching as a whole. Although this may be true in some instances, because of early evaluation we have been able to identify students at an early age who have learning difficulties and attend to their needs, we have also been able to aspire students to achieve great thing with a knowing understanding of what needs to be accomplished leading to a great deal of increase in applications for university in the past few years. Having said this, evaluation has also been a significant and key way of better understanding the curriculum and changes in the curriculum and most importantly how the staff has taught this curriculum. This has proved as a very useful tool during educational reform when evaluating teachers has helped to better orientate themselves during implementation of new curriculum. It has also provided an outline as to how faculties are able to organize their teaching plans, class schedules, extra curricula activities and many other vital and important issues concerned in school. Moreover this has been in some way a guideline to the educational society in the government as to whether or not different syllabi have proved effective enough and consequences of these results. This has been done in a very constructive method to provide goals and targets for both students and teachers in order to create a more efficient and opportunity giving educational climate. This having been said evaluation of teachers and students in particular especially from GCSE’s until university and further education learning has proved troublesome and in some instances farfetched. University and colleges entrance requirements have increased significantly as have grading systems in college, so much so that a new great boundary has been created for the top achievers. This can be said to increase the gap between students in the same classes and often provide teachers difficulty in assessing how to teach a wide range of students with different understandings of the specific subject. Part 3, 4 In my teaching area, learners’ feedback and views are crucially important in determining what’s needed to improve their learning and therefore successfully reaching their goals in education. But I also highly value colleagues and head teacher opinions as this would help me improve my teaching methods and provide a high standard of education as well as following a set of quality assurance policies by which the work is continually monitored, which include self-assessments, reviews meetings by colleagues, recording data regarding success rate, attendance, in year retention†¦ References: Leitch Review of Skills: Prosperity for all in the global economy-world class skills, Dec 2006-Page 17. The Other Curriculum: Out-of-Class Experiences Associated with Student Learning and Personal Development Author(s): George D. Kuh. The Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Mar. Apr., 1995), pp. 123-155 businessballs.com/traindev.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_development http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifelong_learning http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_and_Skills_Council http://issuu.com/snatchmo/docs/unit_7_wider_professional_practice_draft_2003_for_ Lumby and Foskett, 2005:27 Paper, 2005 10.   Reflective Practice in the lifelong learning sector, Jodi Roffey-Barensten R.Malthouse

Failure of McDonalds Company in Entering China Market Essay - 1

Failure of McDonalds Company in Entering China Market - Essay Example According to the research findings, a market is defined as the group of potential customers with similar needs who are willing to purchase goods and services towards the satisfaction of these needs. Potential entrants need to focus on the customers and come up with proper marketing mixes to a particular target market. The paper highlights recommendations that are available for proper entry and successful implementation of the company in the new market. McDonalds Corporation is a chain of fast food restaurants whose client base is 68 million customers across 119 states and over 35,000uotlets. The multi-national headed by Steve Easterbrook predominantly sells hamburgers, chicken, sandwiches, soft drinks, desserts breakfast items, salads, wraps, vegetarian items and other localized fares. Despite their seasonal deviations in certain states, the chain is subject to regional food taboos such as religious prohibition and is employed to avail products with which the regional market is more familiar such as beer in Germany, prawn in Ebi or burger in Singapore. The Corporation operates in 118 countries and serves around 168 million customers with an employment rate of 2million people. Among the states relates to Mexico, Germany, Europe, China and predominantly in the US where the company is the largest fast foods restaurant with a 96.5% market share. McDonald's has a 15% market share, and an approximate of 1750 stores in China as well as a command of 40 million worth of profits. It successful entry in other states such as Europe has led to operations in brands other than restaurants such as Piles Cafà ©. The company has expanded over the last 25 years to cover various states and currently holds 300 million worth of revenue and 30% of the US GDP.

Eyck, Jan van The Arnolfini Portrait 1434; oil on oak Essay

Eyck, Jan van The Arnolfini Portrait 1434; oil on oak - Essay Example For such a function, an aim is essential, and thus agency – the artist and this has been richly applied in the artwork as it will be seen in the subsequent discussions. The formalist theory of art states that one is supposed to focus only on the formal properties of art--the "form" not the "content". Those formal properties may take account of, the visual arts, color, form, and line, and, for the musical arts, beat and synchronization. Artist who use this theory in their artwork do not deny that works of art might have content, representation, or narrative-rather, they refute that those things are appropriate in one’s ability to be thankful for or be aware of art (Frank, Patrick, and Preble, 5). Finally, Preble’s discussed the historical theories of art which asserts that for something to be art, it must bear some relationship to existing works of art. The accurate extension of ‘art’ at time t (the present) take account of all the works at time t-1 and in addition any works produced in the gone time. In order for these extra works to be ‘art’ they must put up with a likeness or relation to those formerly recognized artworks. Such a description appear to beg the question of where this hereditary status came from, and that is why historical descriptions of art are obliged to also take account of a disjunctive for first art: Something is art if it contains a historical relation to earlier artworks or it is first art. The Arnolfini Portrait is a painting made on oak panel using oil and its history is though to be in the year 1434 by the Early Netherlands painter Jan van Eyck. People have coined their own different words to identify and name the paining. It has been called The Arnolfini Wedding, or Marriage or the Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife, along with other titles. The size of the painting is approximated to be a little full-length double portrait. History has it

Downtown Denver Water Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Downtown Denver Water - Research Paper Example This is because in the recent past, there have been reports of health hazards on the same. A scenario in the year 2012 saw more than 100,000 people drink contaminated water which raised concerns in the public domain. A high percentage of these cases were reported in the demography that included small locations and districts (denverpost.com). In the year that was 2008, there was a virus related i.e. salmonella epidemic which affected a very large group of people. Its victims suffered from chronic diarrhea and vomiting. Out of a sample of 400 infected people studied, one succumbed. This saw it being reported as the worst case of water epidemic reported since the early 2000s. The cause of the epidemic was reportedly from depleted infrastructure with instances where some pipes had not even been inspected or replaced for a prolonged duration unlike what is expected. Cracked water storage tanks and unattended inspection requirements with a case that a storage tank had not been inspected fo r more than ten years prior to the outbreak of the epidemic (epa.gov). Other causes involved cases where the drinking water tower had loose sealing that saw contaminants having direct contact with the water. There were instances where squirrels and bird droppings were found in storage tanks due to lack of proper lids and sealing on the same. This made the concerned agency bring out policies that required use of bottled water by residents and drinking of boiled water in as much as some people did not take the caution seriously, it was a shot the administration was willing to take. This made the concerned agency bring out policies that required use of bottled water by residents and drinking of boiled water in as much as some people did not take the caution seriously, it was a shot the administration was willing to take. This made the concerned agency bring out policies that required use of bottled water by residents and drinking of boiled water in as much as some people did not take t he caution seriously, it was a shot the administration was willing to take. In the year ending 2012, the administration administered more than 60 orders to push for people to boil water which has seen the number of water related hazards reports go down. The other contributor to this ill as was established was that there was poor planning in terms of the water supply system and the sewer system. During the establishment of the town, some settlement that was not meant for human habitat was occupied. A good example was a golf course that was turned into a residential area. Due to the mere fact that the water supply of the same was meant for golf course irrigation, the new demand overwhelmed it. This has seen failure of the infrastructure with reports of worn out pipes characterized with corrosion effects as a result of non-maintenance and the huge strain on the facility (denverpost.com). As a measure to restore the glory days of the area, the concerned administration has established me asures and policies to redeem the state. In the recent years there have been a lot of investment in the water infrastructure where for instances more than a billion dollar has been used since the year 2005 in improving the water systems.(U.S Environmental protection Agency) the target of the said investments in the water system is to see more that 90 percent of the Denver residents access safer drinking water as required by the EPA. The

Pak Elektron Limited (PEL) Mission And Vision Statements

Pak Elektron Limited (PEL) Mission And Vision Statements Overview Of PEL Company Pak Elektron Limited (PEL) is one of the pioneer producers of electrical goods in Pakistan. It came into being in 1956 in technical cooperation with M/s AEG of Germany. In 1978, the company was bought by Saigol Group of Companies. Since its foundation, the company has been contributing on the way to the advancement and progress of the engineering sector in Pakistan by launching a range of excellence quality electrical equipments and also home appliances and also by producing hundreds of engineers, expert workers and technicians in the course of its apprenticeship schemes system and training programmes. PEL Company Divisions The PEL Company consist of two divisions: Appliances Division Power Division APPLIANCES DIVISION This Division of PEL consists of appliances manufacturing. PEL Air Conditioners There are two types of PEL Air Conditioners: Window Type Air Conditioners PEL window Type air conditioners were launch in 1981 in technical partnership with General Corporation of Japan. Since of their launch, PEL air conditioners have a top position in Pakistan market. Cooling performance of PEL air conditioners has been tested and approved by Copeland and ITS USA. Split Type Air Conditioners As the time goes on, customers demand changes according to their needs. With the shift of customers preference from window to split -type of air conditioners, PEL has started producing split type air conditioners. PEL Refrigerators Refrigerator manufacturing is also very important invention in the electronic devices history. PEL company started manufacturing of refrigerators in the mid of 1986 and 1987 in the technical collaboration with Ms SILTAL of Italy. PELs refrigerators demand is also very high in market same as the air conditioners. At present, PEL Crystal has more than 30 % market share in Pakistan. PEL refrigerators cooling performance is tested and approved by Germany, Danfoss and also its manufacturing facility is IS0 9002 certified by SGS Switzerland. PEL Deep Freezers In 1987 in technical collaboration with Ms Ariston of Italy PEL introduced Deep Freezers. For the reason that of high quality and durability, PEL deep freezers are the preferred choice of the giant companies like Unilever. PEL Televisions With the passage of time needs of a common man increased. Television becomes very popular in the mid of 19 century, so PEL company decided to manufacture PEL Televisions. Competitor of PEL Appliances Air Conditioners: General Ltd. Daiken Waves National Dawlance Sharp LG Refrigerator: Dawlance Phillips Sharp Samsung LG Deep Freezer Waves Candy Dawlance Television: Sony Phillips Panasonic PEL Power Division PEL Power Division based on three plants. These are Transformer Plant, Switch Gear and Energy Meter Plant. These three plants are now ISO 9001:2000 Certified. PEL Power Division manufactures transformers, Kiosks, shunt capacitor banks, energy meters, switchgears etc. These all electrical goods are assembled under strict quality control and also in accordance with Electric International Standards. PEL is one of the biggest electrical equipment suppliers to the largest power companies of Pakistan: Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Karachi Electrical Supply Corporation (KESC) For many years, PEL Companys electrical equipments have been used in several power scheme of national importance with in Pakistan. PEL Company also has the heritage of getting its equipment agreed and authorized from well-reputed international specialists such as: Preece, Cardew and Rider, England Harza Engineering Company, USA Snam Progeti, Italy Societe Dumezm, France In spite of solid competition from up-and-coming local and multinational brands, PEL Groups Company of appliances and electrical equipments have remained in the attention due to continuous innovation. Strategic affiliation with multinationals of repute have allowed the PEL Group of Companies to incorporate advance technologies into present product ranges, thus providing the Pakistani market entrance to innovative, quality products and affordable. Energy Meters Single-Phase Energy Meters PEL manufactures Electro-mechanical Energy Meters under licence from ABB (USA). The quality of PEL meters has been certified by KEMA Laboratories (Holland) and conforms to IEC 521. Moreover, PEL Energy Meter plant is ISO 9001:2000 certified by SGS Yarsley, U.K. PEL type M8C is a direct connect single-phase meter. The design and constructional features include overload compensation, temperature compensation and self-cleaning, non-aging and tamper resistant magnetic bearing system. Thus providing maintenance-free operation over a longer period and accurate measurement of electrical energy. The frame is sturdy in construction and enclosed in unbreakable high-impact polycarbonate plastic security box. Ratings Voltage Frequency 10(40)A 240V 50Hz Poly-Phase Energy Meters PEL type C8L is a direct connect poly-phase energy meter having improved load performance and accuracy over a wide load range. All meter parts are corrosion protected for long-term reliability. Like single phase energy meters C8L also possesses non-aging, self-cleaning magnetic bearing system, which ensures virtually frictionless operation of the rotor while withstanding abuse from surges and magnetic tampering. The meter is available in high impact polycarbonate security box, which is extended type and completely shrouds service cables. Ratings Voltage Frequency 15(90)A 3*230/400V 50Hz Three Phase Solid State Energy Meter Three Phase Multi-rate Solid State Energy Meter (PE3-D) is used for the measurement of energy in three phase four wire networks. It is a direct connect meter that complies with the IEC 62052-11, IEC 62053-21 (IEC 61036) and optionally with the standards. PE3-D meters are manufactured in compliance with the ISO 9001 standards. Ratings Voltage Frequency 10(100)A 3*230/400V 50Hz Three Phase Solid State LT Type CT and HT Type CT PT Operated Energy Meter PE3-C is 3-phase 4-wire, multi-functional electronic meter with the accuracy of Class 1 for active energy and Class 2 for reactive energy measurement. It is connected Via CTs PTs. Meter complies with the IEC 62052-11, IEC 62053-21 (IEC 61036), IEC 62053-23 ISO 9001 standards. LT Type CT Operated Ratings Voltage Frequency 10(100)A 3*230/400V 50Hz Single Phase Solid State Energy Meter PE1-6 is single phase meter designed to meet the needs of domestic users. It supports single wire operation providing maximum security against tempering. PE1-6 conforms to IEC 62053-21 IEC 62052-11 and ISO 9001:2000 standard requirements. Ratings Voltage Frequency 10(40) A 230V 50Hz PLACE: (DISTRIBUTION) Mostly Producer use intermediaries to bring their products to market.   They try to forge a distribution channel a set of inter dependent organizations involves in the process of making a product or service available for use or consumption by the consumer or business user. Channel Levels: Disrtibution Channels can be described by the numbers of channel levels involved.   PEL uses both of the two major Marketing channels. Direct Marketing Channel: Its a marketing channel that has a no intermediary levels.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   PELs power division uses this type of channels.   Its major clients are large organizations and not the end user.   So people from these organization directly contact PELs marketing department of power division when tenders are flooded, design, specification and price are discussed.   Indirect Marketing Channel: It is a marketing channel containing one or more intermediary levels.   PELs appliances division works this way.   These products are sole through authorized dealer shops or PELs own outlets. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: Appliance Division: PEL has got a very effective distribution system that ensures the widespread supply of companys product through out the country for the sake of proper management. Zone  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Area Covered Northern Zone  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Punjab and N.W.F.P Southern Zone  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Sind and Baluchistan REGIONS The zones have been further divided in to six different regions. Karachi Multan Lahore Gujranwala Rawalpindi Faisal-Abad The distribution process at PEL Appliance is being looked after by the following personal. 1.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   National Manager Sales (NMS) National Manager Sales (NMS) mainly responsible for watching the functioning of all Regional Managers Sales, Area Sales Officer and   Sales Office at the National Level. 2.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Regional Manager Sales (RMS) Managers Sales (RMS) controls sales in his specific region and is the connecting link of all area offices currently the company has two controlling operation in Multan Region. 3.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Area Sales Officers   (ASO) Area sales officer is responsible for making contacts with dealers product display and looking orders in his specific area.   The company has at present seven ASOs Managaging operations in Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Bahawalpur, Lahore etc. 4.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Sales Officers (SO) Sales officer (SO) looks after the sale operation in particular city.   Currently there are four sales officers two in Lahore, one in Faisalabad and Gujranwala each. 5.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Assistant Manager Sales (ASM) Assistant Manager Sales (ASM) looks after the proper functions of sales in Southern Zone.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   POWER DIVISION: For Power product there are no particular personal to deal with the distribution.   Sales procedure for power division is as follow. Sales Procedure Since the major buyer of PEL in Power Product is Government Sector, the sales procedure of Power/marketing department is quite different from Appliance/Marketing Department. The main steps involved in sales/marketing procedure of Power Division are: Bid Submission Bid opening Bid Evaluation Letter of Indent(LOI) Billing PRICE: Power Division Pricing Procedure: First the tender is received which shows the demand of the product. It is send to the production department. They make calculations about material cost, labor costs and Factory overhead, further taxes and duties are also calculated. Investment is calculated Then gross margin is added. Gross Margin= Labor Cost + FOH + Profit+ Financial cost + Miscellaneous cost   Financial cost is found out Term and conditions may be different in some cases. Appliances Division Price Procedures Sales tax, Octroi, excise duty is calculated above the cost of production. There is also a pricing trend depending on the models most demanded. Price is charged according to demand. Consumer product forces also show seasonal, variation i.e., their prices raise during wedding season and before Eid-ul Azha and   Eid-ul-fitar. PROMOTION MIX Pak Electron Limited uses advertising personal selling, sales promotion and public relations to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. Appliances Division: To achieve the sales objectives To increase recall To restore the message in the customer mind. PEL has different Advertising messages for different products. Media for Advertising: There are three types of media on which advertisement are given: Electronic Media In the electronic media, POEL is using PTV,STN, PTV World. Print Media National and local Newspaper Magazines and Periodicals Out-Door Media à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Normal Boarding à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Neo-signs Incentive Schemes for Customer and Retailers. BBB.jpeg For attracting dealers and potential customers, Pak Electron Limited (PEL use the Pull and Push Strategy. PEL dont have too many outlets and does its major selling through the dealers and retailers, some of the incentives given to the dealers are: A Credit of 60 days. Rs.400/ set if dealer sells a certain amount of sets in six month. Pel gave a car to the dealers if they achieve the set target. Air Conditioners: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Against the sale of 50 air conditioners discount is Rs.200/unit à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Against the sale of 50 air conditioners discount is Rs.400/unit. Refrigerator: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   For sale of 150 or more refrigerators, the dealer is awarded with a Dubai Tour. All above schemes are changing according to period. POWER DIVISION Advertising Since power division is involved in industrial or direct selling to some big customers, its Promotional and advertising strategies are quite different from appliance division. Personal Selling:   The other promotional activity that the company takes on is personal relating company representative visit their existing and potential clients and describe the technical aspects and unique selling feature of their products. Public Relation /publicity: PEL tries to build its image among its consumers, personal and general public.   This because reputation of the business in recent years considerably tansnished. Almost no segment of business has escaped the attacks of activities identified with the social cause such as consumerism, environmentalism, employees safety etc. Management of (PEL) considers value of public relationing in promotion mix because à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   It is quite inexpensive à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Public relations can generated sale leads à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Public relationing has more creditability the advertisement In so far as publicity is concerned (PEL) is not using promotional tool effectively, sometimes press releases are published but there is no as such publicity by PEL.   However, some activity is taking place.   That consists of sponsorships of school cricket teams.   But more needs to be done about it. PRODUCT: PRODUCTS 1. Air Conditioners 2.   Refrigerator 3.   Deep freezer   4. Microwaves 5. Washers MODELS Imported (2) National/Sharp Above 40 Models Single-door/Twin 20 Liter to 52 Liter. Spinner Without spinner /Computerized Dawlance has an effective Product Development Division so they bring new and effective changes in their models.   They claim that they have first introduces Anti-Moisture Tubes   in their refrigerators, first introduced metallic sheet and have a very effective compressor having 5 pipes which give 100% results at 52 Centigrade. So they claim that they have strong RD Division. PLACEMENT:   Dawlance also use intermediaries to bring their products to market. Dowlance does not divide the customers into institutional buyer and business/consumer users. They sell for all and treated equally. Distribution channels can be described by the number of channel levels involved.   Dawlance uses both of the tow major Marketing channels. Direct Marketing Channels (No intermediary level) Indirect Marketing Channels (Containing one or more intermediary level) Distribution System Dawlance has got a very effective distribution system that ensures the widespread supply of companys product through out the country for the sake of proper management. ZONES Northern Zone Southern Zone REGIONS / BRANCHES 15 Branches all over the country. The distribution process at Dawlance is being looked after by the following personal. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   National Sales Manager (NSM) National Sales Manager (NSM) mainly responsible for watching the functioning of all Branch Managers Sales, Area Sales Officer and   Sales Office at the National Level. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Branch Manager Controls sales in his specific Branch and is the connecting link of all area offices currently the company has 15 Branch Manager all over the country. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Area Sales Officers   (ASO) Area sales officer is responsible for making contacts with dealers product display and looking orders in his specific area.   The company has at present having ASOs Managing operations in all the branches. PRICING BASIS Sales tax, Octroi, excise duty is calculated above the cost of production. There is also a pricing trend depending on the models most demanded. Price is charged according to demand. Consumer product forces also show seasonal, variation i.e., their prices raise during wedding season and before Eid-ul Azha and   Eid-ul-fitar. PROMOTION MIX Dawlance uses advertising personal selling, sales promotion and public relations to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. To achieve the sales objectives To increase recall To restore the message in the customer mind. Advertising Dawlance involved in both industrial or direct selling to some big customers, so its Promotional and advertising strategies are quite different from PEL because they also have some specific institutional buyers.   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Media for Advertising There are three types of media on which advertisement are given: In the electronic media, Dawlance is using PTV, STN, and PTV World. Print Media National and local Newspaper Magazines and Periodical Executive more focus and give priority to print media because viewer dont change the channels as adds comes. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Out-Door Media Personal Selling: The Dawlances people claim that they have strong network of financial sound and technical-knowledge parties so their company representative visit their   existing and potential clients and describe the technical aspects and unique selling feature of their products. NNN.jpeg Public Relation/publicity: First Dawlance tries to select those dealer and parties who have a strong relations and image among their costumers, personal and general public.   This because reputation of the business in recent years considerably tansnished. Almost no segment of business has escaped the attacks of activities identified with the social cause such as consumerism, environmentalism, employees safety etc. Management considers value of public relationing in promotion mix because it is quite inexpensive public relations can geerated sale leads and has more creditability then advertisement. So far as publicity is concerned is not using promotional tool effectively, because they said that control the publicity massage at a certain level what effect it depends. Dawlance have varieties of incentive schemes to its dealer and business parties so they can attract dealers and potential customer efficiently and effectively. .   PRODUCTS PRODUCTS 1.   Deep freezer   2.   Refrigerator   3 Air Conditioners 4. Cold Bar MODELS Single door Double door/Glass-door Above 13 Models Cool Heat/cool Both Plastic body (SMALL) Institutional Buyers: à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Pepsi Cola International à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Canteen Stores Department (CSDs) à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Coca-Cola à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Be Be Jan Proteins Ltd. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Pak. Fruit Juice Co.Pvt.Ltd. à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hico Ice Creame à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ·Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Departmental storesWAVES PROMOTION MIX Waves also uses advertising personal selling, sales promotion and public relations to pursue its advertising and marketing objectives. To achieve the sales objectives To increase recall To restore the message in the customer mind. Advertising Waves involved in both institutional or direct selling to some big customers, so its Promotional and advertising strategies are quite same as PEL because they also have some specific institutional buyers. .   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Media for Advertising: There are three types of media on which advertisement are given: Electronic Media In the electronic media, Dowlance is using PTV,STN, PTV World. Print Media National and local Newspaper Magazines and Periodical Out-Door Media Personal Selling: The other promotional activity that the company takes on is personal relating company representative visit their existing and potential clients and describe the technical aspects and unique selling feature of their products. Public Relation/publicity: Waves have completive edge over dowlance and PEL because of its lower prices and having a strong relations and image among their institutions, costumers, personal and general public.   This because reputation of the business in recent years considerably tansnished. Almost no segment of business has escaped the attacks of activities identified with the social cause such as consumerism, environmentalism, employees safety etc. Management considers value of public relationing in promotion mix because it is quite inexpensive public relations can generated sale leads and has more creditability then advertisement. PEL have also varieties of incentive schemes for institutions (customers) dealer and business parties so they can attract them on the basis of these pull and push strategies. BBBB.jpeg

Free Hamlet Essays: Deceit and the Downfall of Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Deceit and the Downfall of Hamlet Deceit is a major cause of the downfall of Hamlet. This is demonstrated in three instances in the play. First, Polonius spies on Hamlet while he is talking privately with his mother Gertrude. Second, Claudius sends Hamlet away to England. Finally, Laertes and Claudius scheme to kill Hamlet. The first way that deceit leads to the eventual downfall of Hamlet is Polonius' spying. In Act III, scene iii, Polonius decides to help the king by spying on Hamlet and his mother when he says, "My lord, [the king] he's going to his mothers closet. Behind the arras I'll convey myself to hear the process." (III; iii; 28 - 29) In Act III, scene iv, Polonius gets his chance and listens to a conversation between Hamlet and his mother, hoping that Hamlet would confide something in his mother that could be used against him. Unfortunately for Polonius, Hamlet hears him behind the curtain, and (thinking that Polonius is actually a spying King Claudius) immediately stabs and kills him. This event contributes to Hamlet's downfall because Claudius is able to use it as an excuse to send Hamlet away to England. Officially, the king sends Hamlet away, "for thine especial safety," (IV; iii; 37) with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern because the murder might earn him some enemies. Privately though, Claud ius plans to have Rosencrantz and Guildenstern go with Hamlet to convey a message to the King of England that Hamlet is to be executed. In addition, by sending Hamlet away, Claudius is protecting himself because Hamlet is, "loved of the distracted multitude [the public]." (IV; iii; 4) So, if Hamlet were to show the people that Claudius had killed Hamlet's father, then they might believe him, and as a result, overthrow and kill Claudius. Thus, the downfall is that Claudius wants Hamlet dead. In addition, if Claudius' plan works, then Hamlet dies and his father’s death would not be avenged. So, if Polonius had not spied on Hamlet and Gertrude, Hamlet would not have killed Polonius and thus, Claudius would not have a good enough excuse to send Hamlet away to England. Fortunately for Hamlet, Claudius' deceit fails. This deceit, however, still does contribute to the eventual downfall of Hamlet. Aboard the ship to England, Hamlet discovers Claudius' message being sent by Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. Hamlet explains later, "Groped I to find out them, [Rosencrantz and Guildenstern] had my desire, fingered their packet, and in fine withdrew.

Childhood obesity in the United States

Childhood obesity in the United States and internationally has become a wide spread public health catastrophe. Over the years childhood obesity has increased at a rapid pace. This paper will show the results of the data collection method, the data analysis procedure, and the conclusion of how to apply the background and methodology of the research process with the problems in health care, and apply the emphasis on childhood obesity. Data Collection: The data collection method was appropriate for this study because children were involved and the research was based on previous studies already performed.The collection method used was a reviewed and detailed â€Å"search of CINAHL, MEDLINE, ERIC, Academic Search Premier data bases was carried out for the time period 1999-2011† (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012, p. 1). Key words for this search were â€Å"calorie imbalance, childhood obesity, interventions, physical activity, and policy changing† (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012, p. 1). The subj ects researched were children, the appropriate actions to be taken were parental consent and supervision; the identities of the children remained anonymous throughout the studies.Based on the outcomes of the research, there was no harm or negativity to the children participating in the research project. The concealment of the children was the main concern for the study, this way the children would not undergo the prejudices and abuse for developing an overweight condition, eating an unhealthy diet, and not exercising. There was no communication of individual names, or identifying factor of the children researched. Data Analysis Procedure:The provisions and procedures are appropriate for the type of study conducted and the results received from the research answered the hypothesis that the researchers were considering. The study was centered on preset criteria and questions. The qualitative data is based on numerical facts, which were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) according to Karnik & Kaneka (2012) the report stated the following: In the years 2007-2008 there were an estimated 16. 9% of adolescents and children aged in groups of 2-19 that were over weight.The total number of childhood obesity cases for children in preschool between the ages of 2-5 for boys and girls increased from 5. 0% to 10% between the years of 1976-1980. In the years 2007-2008 childhood obesity increased from 6. 5% to 19. 6% in children who were 6-11 years old. With the data that was collected during the same time period for adolescents aged 12-19 years old obesity increased from 5. 0% to 18. 1% (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012, p. 2). The non-statistical methods of review and the studying of social phenomena have qualitative research concerned.The research is appealing to a primary method in which subjects and groups appear through analysis of information gathered by techniques for example, case studies, observations, interviews, and videotapes. Sample s are typically small and are often nominated intentionally. Descriptions must be detailed when they are of qualitative research and are the perspective of all research members as a way of examining certain problems and issues under study (McCroy, 2013). In this qualitative research the article consists of the information found in relation to genetics, behavior, environmental factors, and interventions.Genetic factors may affect the metabolism, through altering fat, energy consumption, and energy disbursement. Hereditary traits may cause childhood obesity. Childhood obesity can be caused by behavioral issues. The food and drinks that children are ingesting cause more energy, and is not being used in the correct way. With the larger portions of food that children are eating which are high in glucose, and carbohydrates, the energy consumption is higher than the energy expenditure. This can lead to weight gain in children and cause childhood obesity (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012).Children who are not physically active are prone to obesity. The energy that is gained needs to be properly balanced with the energy used (Karnik & Kaneka, 2012). There is a realization that many teens and children are absence of the necessary quantity of some physical activity; therefore the calories are not being used properly, which can lead to obesity. In Iran there was a mixed-methods study which went to prove that there is a shortage of safe places that has easy access for children to get the physical activity they need.The inactive lifestyle may be caused because there are no facilities, for example, safe sidewalks, parks, and paths to ride bicycles on. The main barriers for these adolescents were the unsupportive families. It is seen that inactive lifestyles are a big part of childhood obesity. Children today spend a lot of time sitting and playing video games, watching television, and using their computers. Children tend to eat more goodies while they sit watching television and playin g video games and are spending more and more time with no physical activity.These developmental issues are a brutal cycle. Children are more prone to an inactive lifestyle because of watching television, consuming larger portions of food that are more energy-dense, and with a lack of physical activity, this has caused a rise in childhood obesity. Television advertisements show foods that are high in sugar; this leads children to make the wrong choices when it comes to eating healthy, and can lead to weight gain and childhood obesity. Environmental factors have a huge impact on children, school, home and the community is some of these influences.Parents who interact with their children have a huge influence when it comes to their child’s food choices and can inspire them to live a healthier life style. A huge amount of children’s time is spent in school; schools can help to offer healthy food choices and more physical activity to help promote a healthier lifestyle. With the lack of availability and affordability of healthy food it can affect a child’s nutrition. Conclusion: The provisions and procedures are appropriate for the type of study conducted and the results received from the research answered the hypothesis that the researchers were considering.The study was centered on preset criteria and questions. Childhood obesity can be resolved through prevention, education, and supportable interventions associated to living a healthy lifestyle with the proper nutrition habits and physical activity. Childhood obesity can be decreased with encouragement from the children’s parents. There needs to be an implementation of schools and governmental monitoring of the success or failure of the interventions. If interventions are not working then there should be a reevaluation of intervention to prevent childhood obesity.

Free Essays on Subliminal Messaging

The Advertising Persuasion: A Brief Overview of the Practices and Effects of Subliminal Messaging and Beyond Introduction The controversy that is subliminal messaging has continually been analyzed and studied for decades. The vastness of perspectives that can be found from experts around the globe is astonishing. The variety of so-called subliminal messages reaches from very subjective ad-reading analysis, to hidden text and images, to supposed satanic messages in rock music and layers of auditory messages in clothing and department stores and sold across the globe in ‘self-help’ tapes. The fact that these messages are present is undisputed, however their effectiveness is what is in question, and has been since it was first studied, scientifically or not. Can we, as consumers, be so easily manipulated by the select few? If so, how and to what extent are we manipulated? It is preposterous to believe that our thoughts are being controlled, but can our consumer habits be directed by the persuasive advertising community? Subliminal Messaging Definition Since the concept first originated, the definition of subliminal perception has been altered and/or rejected countless times. One must first not only define the term ‘subliminal’ but also accept it’s existence. Generally, subliminal refers to the ‘subconscious’ or below some threshold called the limen of consciousness (therefore subliminal stimulus would be that without a person’s awareness). Although most modern psychologists recognize that perceptual and cognitive processes happen frequently without our awareness (or ability to control them); but, these theories do not support â€Å"a mind-entity separate from consciousness such that perceptions, ideas, beliefs and desires can slip or exert influence from on to the other† referred to, quite habitually, as the unconscious. For the purpose of this paper, subliminal perception will be defined as... Free Essays on Subliminal Messaging Free Essays on Subliminal Messaging The Advertising Persuasion: A Brief Overview of the Practices and Effects of Subliminal Messaging and Beyond Introduction The controversy that is subliminal messaging has continually been analyzed and studied for decades. The vastness of perspectives that can be found from experts around the globe is astonishing. The variety of so-called subliminal messages reaches from very subjective ad-reading analysis, to hidden text and images, to supposed satanic messages in rock music and layers of auditory messages in clothing and department stores and sold across the globe in ‘self-help’ tapes. The fact that these messages are present is undisputed, however their effectiveness is what is in question, and has been since it was first studied, scientifically or not. Can we, as consumers, be so easily manipulated by the select few? If so, how and to what extent are we manipulated? It is preposterous to believe that our thoughts are being controlled, but can our consumer habits be directed by the persuasive advertising community? Subliminal Messaging Definition Since the concept first originated, the definition of subliminal perception has been altered and/or rejected countless times. One must first not only define the term ‘subliminal’ but also accept it’s existence. Generally, subliminal refers to the ‘subconscious’ or below some threshold called the limen of consciousness (therefore subliminal stimulus would be that without a person’s awareness). Although most modern psychologists recognize that perceptual and cognitive processes happen frequently without our awareness (or ability to control them); but, these theories do not support â€Å"a mind-entity separate from consciousness such that perceptions, ideas, beliefs and desires can slip or exert influence from on to the other† referred to, quite habitually, as the unconscious. For the purpose of this paper, subliminal perception will be defined as...

F for Fake Essays

F for Fake Essays F for Fake Essay F for Fake Essay Essay Topic: F for Fake F for Fake:Fakery or Trickery â€Å"Cinema is the most beautiful fraud in the world. †-jean luc godard ABOUT THE FILM F for Fake is a film which portrays chicanery, deception, misdirection, scoundrels, sleight of hand, con artistry, dishonesty, and flimflammery in all its myriad guises. Its not hard to see the film as one elaborate magic trick, a dizzy feature-length lark that delights in confusing the audiences at regular intervals. A singular combination of documentary, essay, narrative and cinematic vaudeville on Hory, real-life Horys biographer and notorious fellow faker Clifford Irving, Howard Hughes, Pablo Picasso, and the complicated relationship between creativity and larceny, art and theft. In a time when everybody seems to be playing his/her own favorite con game, it certainly Orson Welles who keeps engaging the audiences with his own tricks. The story format is like boxes within boxes until be get the surprise in the last box that is the resolution act,and as per an article from NEW YORK TIMES by Vincent Canby (September 28,1975) (1), Orson Welles cleverly uses some documentary footage shot by Francois Reichenbach of the two con men chatting and cavorting on the island of Ibiza. The rotund writers Oja Kodar and Orson welles add a lecture on the cathedral of Chartres, then weave a tale about a Yugoslav girl and her joke on Picasso. In the film there are moments where orson wells himself speaks about his own fakery about his past works and plays trick with the audiences and keeps them completely unnoticed with this facts. (2)   Welles and Kodar structure F for Fake as an extended monologue, a point-counterpoint speculation on how and why de Hory and Irving pulled off their respective fakes, so much so that they built success and fame out of their practice. The tone is clever and light, the editing at once whimsical and complex as Marie-Sophie Dubus and Dominique Engerer (editors)'(3) cross-cut between the original footage and archival documentary footage of de Hory and Irving. That interplay makes F for Fake a surprisingly dynamic, constantly engaging experimental documentary, a personal essay that gives the viewer the feeling that he’s in Welles’s own experiences about the incidents related to the characters of the story. Structurally Welles isnt a disembodied voice in the film: He physically comments from a variety of locations and inserts himself into the story, almost like he was there when the footage was shot. Welles is seen, for example, from the editing room (creating a film within a film which can be seen over his shoulder on the editing table), walking in a forest shrouded in a cape and hat, and, inexplicably, eating at a restaurant with friends, where his narration strangely turns into a discussion with them about de Hory. End notes- (1)www. nytimes. com (2)joseph mcbride (3) www. wikipedia. com

International Management of Knowledge and Technology Essay

International Management of Knowledge and Technology - Essay Example Hitachi has also embedded its research laboratory with the Cambridge University. These collaborations have taken the state of modern microelectronic technology to a more advanced level (J. G. Thursby and M. C. Thursby, 2002). The operations of multinational companies require a varied skill set. If the company human resource base does not contain all these specific skills, it might search for the skill in external sources. A single university is not likely to possess the complete skill set that a company might require (Ponomariov, 2007). In such cases, cross-institutional research would be needed to satisfy the firm’s needs within a particular area. Hence, companies look forward to other sources of innovation and have termed this act as ‘open innovation’ (Perkman and Walsh, 2007). University students can gain practical knowledge by taking part in the research activities or simply by updating themselves with the processes of innovation that is taking place through t he collaboration of their own university or a joint venture of many universities. They can benefit from this knowledge and be further encouraged to become innovative in their personal and professional lives. These research opportunities are also beneficial for students during their educational phase; they would be able to make various educational experiments to enhance their knowledge and improve their capacity (Lillywhite, Hawkes and Libbin, 2005). Recent research studies highlight that a significantly large number of academic institutions engage themselves with the corporate organizations through different channels simultaneously. This is visible most often in particularly R&D activities in applied... From this essay it is clear that  university students can gain practical knowledge by taking part in the research activities or simply by updating themselves with the processes of innovation that is taking place through the collaboration of their own university or a joint venture of many universities. They can benefit from this knowledge and be further encouraged to become innovative in their personal and professional lives. These research opportunities are also beneficial for students during their educational phase; they would be able to make various educational experiments to enhance their knowledge and improve their capacity.This paper discusses that a significantly large number of academic institutions engage themselves with the corporate organizations through different channels simultaneously. This is visible most often in particularly R&D activities in applied sciences. Companies interact more with universities to gain their support in these research activities. The age and e xperience of academicians and their professorial status indulge companies to enter into contracts with them. Various university patents and copyrights also increase the propensity of organizations to increase their interaction with the industry. Lower-ranked departments in various universities set up greater levels of interaction with the university than the high rankings departments.  There are various kinds of benefits that might be generated from the collaborative efforts between the universities and the industries.

Environmental Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Analysis - Essay Example These have been analyzed in the following paragraphs: The Business Dictionary.com, (accessed on 16th June, 2008,) defines remote environment as "Ecological, political, social, and technological factors or forces that affect a form's decision making abilities and freedom, but are beyond its control or influence." With reference to the University of Phoenix, the remote environment would include the ecological, political, social and technological factors that would influence the University's decision-making abilities. The University of Phoenix is committed to the cause of the environment. It already has an agenda set to ensure that its students learn about and respect the environment. "Go Green" is an initiative taken by the University to familiarize the students with environment issues. In future, not only would the University have to sustain its efforts in this direction, but it would also have to scale them up. A change in the political leadership of the country would lead to changes in the way the University is governed. Compliance to new and changed rules and regulations for Universities might be necessary. The grants/subsidies given by the government for various courses (if any) might be subject to change with a change in the political situation in the country. A definite shift in people's income levels and social standing might have a direct influence on the number of students enrolling in a particular course. There might be more number of people enrolling for advanced courses over the next ten years as compared to the enrollment in basic courses. With advances in technology and global connectivity, students might prefer more online courses as compared to classroom courses. The University would be required to take into consideration the changes in technology being brought about everyday. The teachers and lecturers would have to be trained in the latest trends in research and referencing. While online classes might become popular in the next ten years, the University would have to scout for collaborators in the local regions/classes where practical classes could be conducted. Industry Environment According to the website of University of Phoenix, (accessed on 16thJune, 2008) "The mission of University of Phoenix is to provide access to higher education opportunities that enable students to develop the knowledge and skills necessary to achieve their professional goals, improve the productivity of their organizations, and provide leadership and service to their communities." As in any other industry, when there is a shift in the needs/tastes of the students, there will be a need to change the content of the courses at the University. The knowledge and skill sets required to achieve professional goals generally undergo a periodic change. What is relevant today will be obsolete in a few years. Thus, the University needs to research the market, identify the latest trends and major shifts in education and adapt their courses accordingly. Operating Environments Operating environment in a University's context could refer to the way libraries and reference materials are used. It could also mean how the way the courses are conducted: ie. online or classroom. With advances in technology and connectivity getting simpler everyday, there will certainly be a huge demand for online courses in the near future. The way teaching is carried out might

Creating a Decision Making Matrix for Four Restaurant Alternatives Essay

Creating a Decision Making Matrix for Four Restaurant Alternatives - Essay Example Eventually, a two dimensional matrix is generated. Decision matrixes are common in procurement procedures where they are used to choose the best bid among the many proposals that have been received. A decision matrix has four major components which include; criteria, options/alternatives, weights and scores/rating (Hammon, Keeney and Raiffa, 2002). The purpose of this paper is to design a decision matrix and the scores for selecting the best restaurant from among four alternatives A, B, C, D using cost, convenience, service, taste and nutrition as the decision criteria. Creating the matrix The restaurants A, B, C, and D shall be ranked according to the following five criteria; cost, convenience, service, taste and nutrition. These criteria have been selected since they are the major determining factors ion the final decision making regarding the most suitable restaurant. The weights for the criteria are assigned in such a way that the total weight is 1.0. In this case, the weights fo r the criteria are as follows; Cost= 0.30, service=0.25, taste=0.2, convenience= 0.15, nutrition= 0.10. The total for the criteria = 1.0. The criteria ranking for each of the restaurant alternatives A, B, C and D are designed in such a way that the highest rank is 4. The score for each alternative is calculated as follows; Score = (Rating * assigned weight). The total score is obtained from the sum of all the scores. Based on the cost, convenience, service, taste and nutrition criteria, the restaurant options A, B, C, and D are ranked as follows; Criteria Ranking/Ranking Restaurant Options Cost Service Taste Convenience Nutrition A 3 4 1 3 2 B 2 1 2 4 4 C 4 2 3 1 3 D 1 3 4 2 1 The scores are calculated and tabulated as follows; Alternatives A B C D Criteria Weight Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Rating Score Cost 0.30 3 0.9 2 0.6 4 1.2 1 0.3 Service 0.25 4 1.0 1 0.25 2 0.5 3 0.75 Taste 0.20 1 0.2 3 0.6 3 0.6 4 0.8 Convenience 0.15 3 0.45 4 0.6 3 0.45 2 0.3 Nutrition 0.10 2 0. 2 4 0.4 3 0.3 1 0.1 TOTAL 1.0 13 2.75 14 2.45 15 3.05 11 3.15 NB: Score= Rating* Weight. Explanation of ratings and scores After summing up the ratings for the four restaurant alternatives, alternative C has the highest rating of 15 followed by B with 14 while D has the lowest sum rating of 11. However, when the total scores are calculated from the rating and the weights, D has the highest score of 3.15 while B has the lowest score of 2.45. The total weighting for the criteria was calculated as 1.0. In terms of the cost criteria, restaurant alternative C attains the highest score of 1.2 while D receives the lowest score with a 0.3 score. In terms of service, alternative A receives the highest score with 1.0 while alternative B receives the lowest score with 0.25. Alternative D scores the highest in terms of the taste criteria with a score of 0.8 while A scores the lowest with 0.2. Alternatives B and C receive the same score in terms of convenience though they differ in other criteri a. Alternative B is the best in terms of convenience with a score of 0.6 while alternative D is the worst with a score of 0.3. Alternative A and C attain the same score in terms of convenience with a score of 0.45. In terms of the nutrition criteria which has the lowest weight among the other criteria, alternative B receives the highest score with 0.4 while alternative D receives the lowest with a 0.1 score. Choosing the best alternative The

The Vietnam War Essay Example for Free

The Vietnam War Essay The Vietnam War is a conflict with Vietnamese against itself, North Vietnam or the Democratic Republic of Vietnam and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam, wherein the Americans got involved mistakenly and honorably. (see Wikipedia) It is an effort to unify Vietnam into a single state. But then it is considered as false and dishonest theory. As per John Pilger, this war is an invasion of Vietnam’s homeland and lives. (see Global Issues) It is by far the longest war in the century of America against North and South of Vietnam. The Vietnam conflict with America is included in the Second Indochina dated 1954-1975 that grew out from the long conflict between France and Vietnam. (see Wikipedia) It is widely reflected in history and media that America lost this war because of the guerilla movement in Vietnam. (see Global Issues)   It is also believed that America lost this war due to the contribution of media that is against it. (see Global Issues) Actually, Vietnam approached US for assistance in building a nation from the Second Word War and mainly from French imperialism to achieved control for South Vietnam. (see Global Issues) It is believed that US supported Vietnam’s independence and determination. But then, US turned down the assistance that is why they turned to the other superpower at that time, the Soviet Union. (see Global Issues) Ho Chi Minh, communist leader, appealed to President Truman for assistance because Vietnamese wanted to pattern their constitution with the American government. (see Global Issues) But America declined to support their freedom and instead allied with the French. Vietnam was then forced to turn to China and the Soviet Union. (see Global Issues) United States is believed to give support to South Vietnam. They deployed personnel and US military advisers in 1956 to be responsible for training the army of South Vietnam. (see Global Issues) President Nixon purpose was to strengthen South Vietnam. US declined to support North Vietnam due to their communist belief to which US is not partaking. They came to aid the regime in the South who were said to be attacked by the North Vietnamese. (see Global Issues) The opposition said that America really lost the war. It is included in the criticism of the media. There are two most influential beliefs on why America lost this war. First, media undermined the military and political effort through media coverage, especially on television, in America. (see Global Issues) Second is that most of the journalists and broadcasters were against the war. It is on the whole of American media which resulted that war is a â€Å"failed crusade.† (see Global Issues) It has been reported that South Vietnamese had taken up arms to defend their villages and homeland. The North Vietnam Government was not recognized by the United States and the reason why US declined to assist because it is believe to be â€Å"improper† to acknowledge such correspondence. (see Global Issues) During the war, it is believed that it was the time where US dispatched its greatest ever land army and even offered the French two atomic bombs to use prior to its defeat in 1954. (see Global Issues) They pursued military strategies designed for people to abandon homes like usage of chemicals. Millions of people were killed and maimed, some were Americans and the rest are Vietnamese. The agreement to end the war included $3.25 billion of grant aid for 5 years to which was never paid. (see Global Issues) It is supposed to be for the postwar reconstruction but Vietnam did not reveal all the prisoners of the war who were supposedly part of the deal to aid. (see Global Issues) This is a tragic issue for Americans who have been unaware of the fate of their loved ones. (see Global Issues) The Vietnam conflict with the intervention of America is not really a war between the two countries. It is said that America lost this war. But America did not really lose it because in the first place, America was there to become an ally and just to support South Vietnamese for their fight against aggression from the North. Ineffectiveness is a more appropriate term. The way that Americans implemented their policy is ineffective in this conflict. America’s main goal is to unite Vietnam into one state. (see Global Issues) America failed to achieve that goal. The conflict highlighted more on the Cold War ideological battle. It reported and portrayed on the killings and tragedies that happened in the War. It focused more on the bad mistake. The good intentions were rarely questioned and carried out poorly. The media made coverage of America in an extremely one-sided story. (see Global Issues) It resulted to inaccurate reporting because only fragments were told. They mainly focused on the nature of the war. The atrocity of the war were mistakenly branded and blundered. Americans are on the side of South Vietnam that opposed the aggression from the communist, the North Vietnam. What really happened in this war was â€Å"internal aggression.† (see Global Issues) Wherein they invaded and attacked their own country and people. But then there were confusion on who really were â€Å"allies† on this war. The non-communist South Vietnam was said to be invaded by the communist, North Vietnam. (see Global Issues) United States therefore came to the side of the â€Å"democratic† regime in the South. But it was reported untrue. It is because Ho Chi Minh sent regular forces to assist the American attacks. (see Global Issues) He was persuaded to send regular armies to support the South in their opposition to American invasion. (see Global Issues) America lost the war in Vietnam. But millions of acres of forest were destroyed through herbicides poisoning, millions of people were slaughtered, rice fields were left with spots of bomb craters after â€Å"winning† its freedom. It is believed that in a war, no one really win or lose. Though they achieved what they are fighting for, they lose a great deal as well. Vietnam might have the independence and freedom they wanted but it caused them a lot before they achieved it. In contrast, America is still one of the most powerful countries in the world. They still aid and support other countries. But what is the measurement of victory? Is it shown in wealth or material possessions? Or is it measured by power? Or achieving what we really wanted though nothing was left afterwards? Winning does not end or achieve from a certain period of time. Victorious winning is seen on how you live after or if you were able to cope up with life after the battle. Fighting for what you desire and achieving it is a great reward for winning. On the process of achieving for these goals, you may lose some, but gain some as well. It really doesn’t matter if Vietnam conflict is a Winnable War. What matters most is the lesson learned from this war. The experiences happened, whether good or bad. Making things better and hoping that none of this will happen again in the future. To be able to have a peaceful world that can only be attained if we will not let selfishness rule over us. Most people believed that US lost the war. But Vietnam was destroyed to its core where it could be a pool of hope for the next generation and development option in Asia. If only plans were made and done effectively, things might have been different or it could be better than what happened. REFERENCES: Shah, Anup (29 December 2002). Media Propaganda and Vietnam. Retrieved October 15, 2006, from War, Propaganda and the Media Website: http://www.globalissues.org/HumanRights/Media/Propaganda/Vietnam.asp#ThemedialostthewarforAmerica Vietnam War Retrieved October 15, 2006, from Wikipedia Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_war#Richard_Nixon_and_Vietnam_.281969.E2.80.931974.29

Back Ground of the Company Xerox

Back Ground of the Company Xerox Haloed Corporation was renamed in 1961 as XEROX. Photocopier was their main product which was introduced in 1959.Xerox was the only company in the market providing photocopier. The company monopolized the market as the only seller of photocopier and this monopoly was well protected by patents. The logical result of this monopoly was the over confidence of the company. They made their own standards and trusted heavily on them. Joint ventures were the method adopted by XEROX to hit the international market. In 1959 RANK XEROX was registered and was assigned a target to hit the market European and African market. In 1962 FUJI XEROX worked in the domain of FAR EAST and ASIAN PACIFIC. Average and high level market was the target of XEROX and had nothing to do with low level market. Competition Monopoly complaint against XEROX was filed by the Federal Trade Commission in 1973. In 1975 XEROX took away its patents. Many other companies jumped in and between1971 and 1980 about 147 companies got hold of the market. The result was obvious and XEROX lost about50%of the market share. Middle and high level market was captured by IBM and Eastman Kodak . New technology was introduced by these companies and took a   good share of the market from XEROX. The low level market was captured by Japanese firms. The products for the low level market were not in the domain of XEROX and that is why it could not compete the Japanese companies. The Japanese then came into the middle and high level industry. Their product was favored because it was easy to use and preserve. Diversification In 1969, Xerox assumed technological information system also called scientific data system. With the help of scientific data system, Xerox developed mainframe computers. They afterward traded it off in 1975 at loss of 1.4 billion. In 1970 the company bought disables system; it developed daisy wheel printer and computer memories. Xerox merged memory writer, a company which was producing typewriters. This   was   a successful deal, as the company was able to capture 20% of the typewriter market. The Xerox developed its own research center which designed a new electronic printing technology. This also a lot the company to hold majority of the market purchasing foster in 1983, and then acquiring van Kampen market, company got good position in the market. Xerox in the 1950 Peter McCullough wanted to implement quality circle activity in the company which he observed during his stay in Japan. A team was sent to Japan to study the activity in 1978, the team also Study General Motors and the other US manufactures. The result of the study was the involvement of the employees in the company would be fruitful in future. To implement the decision of involvement of employees in company. Dr. Harold J. Tragash was hired in 1979. The 30% of the work force was given training in 1980.the employees were divided into 100 groups. These groups participated into the fairs of company and the result were as listed: Cost reduction. Employee satisfaction. Improvement in product quality. In 1982, David Keans become the CEO of the company, he placed off employees and quitted 2100 employees by 1983, Business effectiveness in 1980, Dwight F. Ryan was made the dead of business effectiveness department. He was given the following tasks: Improve productivity Reduce cost Improve customer satisfaction. The policy of the involvement of the employees in the affairs of the company became the first step towards the business effectiveness. Company structure was changed in Ju8ly 1981 abd the business was made into strategic Business unitys. Business system department was handed over to Dwight F.Ryan. fifty Top managers along with David Kean held a meeting in September 1981.which was ended to strong suggestion s to implement business effectiveness with force on employee involvement and competitive benchmarking. Keans, Rechired and Teagash worked very hard on three goals i.e. increase in productivity cost, effectiveness and customer orientation. Fuji Xerox Fuji Xerox was facing new competition in the world market in 1970. Japan being the leader in business activity, posed though competition for Fuji Xerox which h had base in Japan. The solution came in 1976 in the shape of â€Å" the New Xerox Movement â€Å". Demining award for quality was awarded to Fuji Xerox in 198. This was the result of this new movement. David Kearns visited Japan to find out the causes of winning the   award . He studied deeply the Fuji Xerox model. In 1982 Targash Richard d and their staff worked o a business strategy effectiveness for Xerox. Theyir study was based upon the Fuji Xerox model.   They had a number of meeting with David Kearns and finely on July 1980, a new strategy called â€Å"Pursuit og Execellence†was put   forward by the team.the team consisted of Senior managers which worked hard to form   new stretgy adnn method of its implementation .In 1982 David Nadler and Delta consulting groups was hired to follow the Fuji Xerox model. Blue Book (a management-Change) In1983, Kearns held a meeting with cooperate management committee and operating units heads about Blue Book. Twenty five executives gave their opinion about Blue Book. The wuality experts Phil Crosly and W. Edwards were also invited to speak at   the meeting. The main objective of the blue book were: Quality improvement, by doing things right and doing them well. To improve long term business success. Quality determined by customers. Provide training by all levels. To make the senior managers as role models. A system of employee quality reward system to be set up. Leadership throughQuality: Quality strategy became the responsibility of 25 executives to whom David Kearns held a meeting in February in 1983.he explain the meaning of Quality as doing things right the first time.The blue book was not presented as finished product ,instead it was used for briefing product and discussion. The exective of Xerox were divided into two parts. One worked for communication and the other worked for reward and recognition. The outcome of these groups were as follow: The concept of â€Å"Leadership through quality† was introduced. The idea of Xerox quality was given. Quality ws defined as meeting customer existing and their requirements in future. Improving quality means understanding and working to satisfy the customers requirements. Kearns emphasized on Quality as well as on keeping eye on the challenges going around in other industries. He was the opinion that is was the time to change the culture and timae to introduced the quality culture at Xerox . In august 1983, the system for Xerox was changed to insure quality. Cooperate Quality Office On March 29, 1983, cooperate quality office started functioning. Fred. B. Henderson became vice president for quality. He was also elected as cooperate office by the board of directors. Henderson emphasized on employee involvement, competitive benchmarking and leadership through quality. According to John Kelsch quality award business strategy are closely related. A change in quality would be a change in strategy. Quality strategy is more useful than product strategy. Quality implantation team was selected which was working in cooperate quality office. Each business group was given representation in the office. Nine erecutive were from the field and six executives were from the cooperate office including Tragash and Richard.Each member was named as vice president for quality and had to report its departmental head. In April 1983 a six a six month strategy was implanted by QIT. The member had their concern over its implantation. Firstly would it work and secondly will the company stick to the changes. There was another very important concern and that was about timeframe. There were of the view that it would change the culture and than larger period of time will be required for adjustment. And other sections of member were of the opinion that too much work is required for this applications and the original task will be showed. After the formation of quality implementation team (QIT),the quality training task force was made. The range of work set for QIT was to implement the change and quality training task force (QITF) would provide training to the employees. The member of QIT will share ideas, get input from the parent department.adn establish the home office stake in process. In 1983 the team produce second blue book for implementation at the end of the meeting, they had a strategic plan in their hand and was named as green book. The green book gave stress in quality strategy, and short term programs which produce long term leadership. The goals of green book were as follow: Setting goals which are yet to achieve. There must be a strategy for quality and implement. The working method. The green book was consisted on 92 pages its range of study was consisted of 92 pages. Its range of study was the cost of quality, outline for quality implement process problem solving process and tool for served strategically problems. It gave the idea that competitive bench marking is the key tool for several statistical problems. it gave the idea that competitive bench marking is   the key tool for evaluating Xerox. This green book was implanted from 1983 to 1987. The most important and positive aspect of this whole exercise was the training. Each training was given a problem they would have to solve them. The training was given from top to bottom. Managers were trained first and then they participated in the training of their subordinates this training was named as cascade. Changes and Opportunities Occurred In 40 Years Strength in the Past: In the beginning, Xerox enjoyed pure monopoly; there was no competitor in the market. The product of company was well protected by patents. This pure monopoly gave the following benefits to the Xerox. There was no price pressure from the competitors. It could fix and alter the price according to its own will. The company could increase their price by decreasing its production. There was no risk of over production. Other company completely controlled the market. During first fifteen years the main products were Xerox 914, the first plane paper Xerox 813, the first desktop plain paper and first photocopier. By 1965, company revenues crossed $500 million. In 1975, Xerox was forced by the federal trade communication to license its copies to other manufactures. Xerox monopolized the upper level market for a long time and during this period; the company extended its product line. Strength Today: The strength of the company lays the following facts: It had a good brand name image. The company was the pioneer in its filed. Good quality products, best technologies and good services gave a stronger out look to the company. Even Japanese companies did not enjoy such a strong image. The slogan of total satisfaction guarantee according to which instead of monetary refund the products are replaced, became a reason for its bigger image. The company had excellent quality management team. Employees participation in operational decisions made a very strong image of the company in local and international market. The people working in the organization are proactive in nature then re active. The employee participation in the affair of company to find out the demands of customers. Weakness in the past The company got over confident because of the monopoly enjoyed by it for a long time. The company started taking things causally. For Example â€Å"the receipt provided to purchaser had only product code on it rather than the product name. The purchaser would not know if he caught what he asked for. Internal competition was another weakness in the past. There was a competition among the employees which badly affected the organization effectiveness. And knowledge management practices. The other result of this internal competition were the isolation of the information, lose of employees, breaks in the organizational flow charts and corporate disloyalty. Another weakness of the company was that it was not targeting the low level market. Xerox only targeted higher market. Xerox could have increased its profits if they would have targeted low markets. With the arrival of new competition, Xerox tried to improve its quality. It failed to do so because of its scattered efforts. There was a lack of collective efforts. Weakness Today The following are the weaknesses of Xerox Corporation: Total quality management implementation resulted in high over head costs. Financial position of Xerox is not very good. 100% quality concept created a negative competitive position for Xerox. As customers are not ready to pay for exceptional quality and services. Fixed asset turn over as increase in recent years. But the total asset turnover ratio has decreased. It is because of the reason that the company has increased its inventory requirements by its product replacement concepts. Leverage ratios are increased where as profitability ratios are decreased.   Opportunities in The Past Since Xerox enjoyed monopoly in its products therefore the whole world was its market. The company availed its opportunities and targeted the different regions of the world. This goal was achieved by joint ventures with other companies, the details of which furnished below: Xerox got into joint venture with a British company named as Rank Organization in 1959. The joint venture came in the market with the name Rank Xerox. The target of this company was to manufacture and market Xerox equipment in Europe, Africa and Asia. Modi Xerox (Xerox India) was a joint venture between Rank Xerox and Modi group in India and its rang was Indian subcontinent. Fuji Xerox was established in 1962. Which was a joint venture of Rank Xerox and the Japanese photography firm Fuji Photo Film Co. They aimed Far East and Asia Pacific region for the xerographic and document related products and services in these regions. Opportunities Today Following may be the opportunities of Xerox Corporation: Diversification into more product lines. Expansion into more production foreign market. By diversifying into more product lines and by finding new potation markets such as Europe and South East Asia, the company can increase its business and establish its credibility in the international market. Threats in the Past There was no self benchmark in the company and it heavily relied own internal benchmark. There are positive points in internal benchmarking as it is cost effective. It is easy to gain access to all the information required. The negative aspect of the internal benchmarking is that we cannot get information about the competitors and the other outside parties. Internal benchmark may not be adequate to face the external pressure. Keeping in mind the drawbacks it is better to use external benchmarking. External benchmarking is a useful way of studying of performance measured taken by successful organizations with in the same industries or the different industry and learning for them. It is also useful for studying the various systems and processes. The idea that benchmarking is done against in the company in the same industry is a miss concept.   Monopoly case was registered to Federal Trade Commission in 1973 and as a result of this Xerox had to take away its patents in 1975. Monopoly was changed into monopolistic competition in the market which was a great threat to the company. Between 1971 and 1978, 77 different plain paper copiers came into the market and between 1978 to 1980, 70 more companies listed their mark in the market. This shattered the shares of the company which dropped from 100 % to 50 %. After the removal of monopoly of Xerox, many Japanese companies entered in photocopy business. And targeted the low level markets. Xerox could not compete as it had no product to offer the low level market. Japanese after getting the good position in the lower market, started to move toward the mid and upper level markets. Their products were better, easy to use, easy t maintain and more efficient. It was a big blow to Xerox.