Comparison of Characters in the Odyssey Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Characters in the Odyssey EssayIn Homers famous epic poem The Odyssey he displays the characters with a wide variety of morals. These morals influence decisions made by them which provide a looking chicken feed for the reader to see their true nature. In a certain scene, the characters discuss Odysseus to what seems to be a beggar however, the beggar is truly Odysseus in disguise. One direction to clearly test a persons character is through an idea provided by Bob Sutton The best judge of character is how he or she treats those with less power (Sutton). Melanthius, Philoetius, and Ctesippus all are examples of how Suttons theory applies to people. Through making observations on how the selected characters act when speaking with the disguised Odysseus a solid deduction can be made on their overall character.The goatherd Melanthius at first can appear mean and vicious moreover, he remains leal to Odysseus by disrespecting the person, whom he perceived to be a beg gar. Melanthius is tired of seeing a beggar in the halls of Odysseus home and finally decides to confront him about it. lock up alive? Still hounding your betters, begging round the house? Why dont you cart yourself away? Get out (20). Melanthius shows no sympathy for the patently impoverished beggar. He has no idea that the beggar is in fact his own master, Odysseus. He violates traditional Ancient Greek hospitality towards guests.When this scene is apply to Suttons theory, Melanthius character is revealed as harsh and vicious. The fact that Melanthius is upset with how suitors and beggars are intruding on Odysseus land may play into his stern confrontation with the drowsy beggar. Melanthius has no way of knowing that the beggar was in fact Odysseus therefore, he exposes his true character when he acts as though he is confronting soulfulness of lesser power.In contrast, when Philoetius, the good cowherd, approaches Eumaeus (the disguised Odysseus) he is extremely respectful. A lthough he has no clue who Eumaeus is, he still treats him like he has met him before Cheers, senior friend, old father, heres to your luck, great days from this day on saddled now as you are with so much trouble (20). Before feeler the beggar Philoetius said to himself What roots does this man claim-who are his people? . . . Poor beggar (20). Clearly Philoetius has no idea who Odysseus is and thinks he is just a homeless man on Odysseus land. Despite theseideas in his head he still treats Eumaeus with the utmost respect and even wished him luck. The beggar appears to certainly be on a lower level that Philoetius according to standards of power however, Philoetius demonstrates excellent character when speaking with him, for he disregards the social difference. Ctesippus, being a suitor, is different from the other two characters.From the commencement ceremony it is clear he thinks highly of himself. Ctesippus was his name, he made his home in Same, a fellow so impressed with his own astounding wealth he courted the wife of Odysseus (20). Despite the fact that Telemachus orders the suitors to respect his visitor (Eumaeus), Ctesippus does not obey. Grabbing an oxhoof out of a basket where it lay, with a brawny hand he flung it straight at the king (20). Ctesippus has no way of knowing the beggar he has just attacked is actually his king, the great Odysseus. Since Ctesippus thinks that Odysseus is nothing more than a poor visitor, he does not act respectfully towards him. Ctesippus is never seen being rude to his fellow suitors however he is extremely disrespectful to someone of lower power.This bounds on his aggressive and disobeying character. Suttons theory can be used to give an accurate conclusion about a character. Between the three characters different actions are made which reflect that personal characters morals. The morals in the core of each character are easily revealed by how they treated the disguised Odysseus. None of the characters boast any way of identifying Eumaeus as their king, so there appears to be no problem with treating him poorly. One must always remember that things might not be as they seem. That should be kept in mind before making drastic actions or poor decisions. It is important to think clearly before treating someone of lesser power poorly, just because of their power status or initial appearance. If a truly wholesome good character is desired, truly good choices and actions should be made.

Advocates of the American Constitution Essay Example for Free

Advocates of the American disposition EssayObtained a strategic advantage over those who irrelevant it by taking up the defecate Federalist for themselves and by identifying the adversaries Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported state rule and disagreed with a interchange national government. By holding the title Federalist, Hamilton and recognise authors got an additional advantage for their position and got around an extreme conflict over the issue of state versus national power. They emerged as advocates of states rights and this idea was clearly explained in The Federalist Papers, only they were also evidently advocating for a strong national government. The essays were signed Publius after Publius Valerius who was the state builder and who rebuild the Roman republic following the removing from power Romes suffer king called Tarquin. Plutarch measured Publius favorably against Solon who was Greeces law giver. And at that instant a modern Publius would have helped er ect the naked American republic. By opting for a name like Publius, the authors of the Federalist were following a practice which was common among the eighteenth-century writers. The writers used to publish a combined work under a fictitious name instead of a byline.If Hamilton, Madison, and Jay had revealed their identity in The Federalist Papers then they would have been known as advocates of specific positions instead of being recognized by their arguments, and also this would have become a part of the argument over the Constitution. Further more choosing secrecy was also because of the enmity between Hamilton and George Clinton the New York Governor. Interestingly Hamilton was the exclusive New York ambassador who signed the Constitution. On the contrary, Clinton was an Anti-Federalist who was heading a state where people opposing the new Constitution were in majority.Therefore, opting for Publius was somewhat an effort to veer the discussion away from the personal bitterness between Hamilton and Clinton. As the need of unification has been signified, and the Articles of Confederation had arrears, it was explained by the Publius that a strong republican government was molded by the Constitution, yet checks and balances controlled it. This type of government, which was strong and had checks, would maintain freedom and assets, and bring back respect for America overseas.Although an un-amended Constitution was opposed by two thirds of the put up representatives at the New York conventions, the provision of other political writers was done by the Publius. At the same time as replying to explicit Anti-federalist arguments, The Federalist presented an integrated theory of the philosophies upon which the new Constitution was based. History, experience, and reason were the bases of this philosophical foundation, and the long existence of the republican government was verified by this foundation in relation with the examples of failed governments in the past, w hich were unable to survive.Countering the belief, which is much ascribed to Montesquieu, that republics could stay alive only in small areas taken by identical inhabitants, Madison in The Federalist no. 10 argued that republics could flourish best in large areas where contrasting groups constantly competed with each other. During the constant struggles of these groups the independence of both majorities and minorities would be preserved. This republic would provide better leadership by expanding the group of subject persons from which delegates would be selected. The Federalist no.10 by Madison, as mentioned before, was very influential in U. S. political history and philosophy. The separation of the three branches of the federal government had to be done, as the role of a check upon the other was played by each branch in the government Although these three branches were not completely separate the practicality of each division was assured by assigning it enough power to protect itself against the actions of the other division. Furthermore, if any branch exceeded its role as defined in the Constitution then the other branches could proceed by checking on the misuse of power.Moreover, it was also stated by the Publius that freedom was protected by the new Constitution by the provision of power to the central, as well as, state governments. Specific areas of power and simultaneous powers were determined by this new federalism. It was mentioned by the Publius that a central government with restricted powers was created by the Constitution. In this regard, identification of the Congresss, as well as, Presidents powers was also done. The people and the states were left with all the remain powers completely.If the legislative body dishonored their power and authority bestowed on them then the people could substitute them during the regular elections ensured by the Constitution. On the other hand, if the President or the judiciary breached the confidence of the people, Congress could prosecute them and if convicted Congress could remove them from their designation and from their office. The debate that was going on was based on vocabulary that is circling around the incumbrance of the thoughts constitutive of republican dialogue.They are liberty, tyranny, virtue, corruption, representation, and even republic. It has been said before, along with rationalizations, that the new created American republic was the combined efforts of Federalists and Anti-federalists. A new political system was created not by ordains of a single lawmaker but instead was fought to bring it to life and was constructed jointly by having a powerful discussion between supporters of different political affiliations and theoretical standpoints.The ratification debate produced an enormous outpouring of newspaper articles, pamphlets, sermons, and tracts, both for and against the new design. Of the former The Federalist is by far the most famous and for sure the most wid ely read in our day. The Anti-federalist case against the Constitution, by contrast, is today rarely read or even remembered. Once described (and dismissed) as holy nay-Sayers and men of little faith, the Anti-federalists are now more often regarded as the other founders.

Company †Strengths and weaknesses Analysis Essay Example for Free

Company Strengths and weaknesses Analysis EssayApplication concession Application Assignment on Situational Analysis and SWOT common to all themespgs MM-112 to MM-122 PART B and C (to be submitted together) (15+ 5 Marks) Company Strengths and weaknesses Analysis Remember this assignment is in continuity to the previous marketing assignment. Here we do a strength and weakness analysis for our company vis -a- vis competitors. We need to know A. What special strength/ competence or assets company has to satisfy the needs of nodes? B. Who competes with us in meeting those needs and what is their competence, strength or asset?Can we scale our own stiff and the major competitors on those competencies and strengths? This kind of an analysis follows a 3-step process. 1Identification of all our Competitors. Competition does not stem only from products or firms that compete directly for your market administer but also from any company that satisfies the same customer need. (Refer to the Market concept of competition at the end of the assignment ) 2List the areas in which your brass section or the competitor has the competence. Needless to say that these areas should be industry relevant.An indicative list of the areas in which a firm groundwork have strength / competence is listed below. intromission ?Ability to develop innovative products ?Amount of Rs. spent on RD ?Patents that a company has to its credit ?Technical product or service originality Manufacturing ? sociable Cost Structure ?Flexible production operations ?Access to Raw materials ?Quality of work force ?Capacity ?Outsourcing Finance- Access to capital ?Ability to incur funds in the short and long run ?Ability to use debt and equity financing ?Parent firms willingness to financeManagement ?Quality of top and pose anxiety ?Knowledge of business ?Culture ?Strategic goals and plans ?Entrepreneurial thrust ?Planning or operation system ?Loyalty ?Quality of strategic stopping point making. Mark eting ?Product quality reputation ?Product differentiation ?Brand name recognition ?Customer orientation ?Breadth of the product line ? division ?Distribution ?Retailer relationship ?Advertising / Promotional skills ?gross revenue force ?Service Customer base ?Size and loyalty ?Market share ? harvest-time of segments servedThis list is only indicative to serve as a guide to the major areas in which a firm can have strength/ competence. You can add on or delete items to suit to your company and industry. 3Scaling your organization vis a vis the competitors on the parameters listed above-The Competitive strength Grid *(Please refer exhibit at the end of the assignment) Once the strengths / assets relevant to the industry have been identified, one has to scale ones own firm and the major competitors on those strengths. One such grid has been do for the Luxury car market.The left side of the grid identifies the areas in which a luxury car maker can have strengths/ competencies tha t is to say product quality, product differentiation etc. On the right side various trade names have been scaled with either less than total, average or above average position with respect to the strength/ competence identified. For ex. Cadillac has above average position in product quality, average when it comes to product differentiation and less than average on dealer satisfaction, all 3 areas being key to success in a car market. Assignment questions 1.Identify all the major competitors to your product. (Already done in part A of the assignment) ICICI bank HDFC SBI Deutsche Bank Citibank Goldman Sachs 2. Identify and list all the major strengths/assets/ competencies relevant to your industry. Core competencies Customer service put on the line management Compliance Strategy Development Strong leadershiphip and management Sales, marketing and Operations Client base and fool 3. Scale your firm and any 2 other competitors on these strengths in a Competitive Strength Grid as is shown in the example. HSBCICICI bankDeutsche Bank Customer service Reach to the customer is good mature relationship management Premier clients focused cells Reach to the customer is good Premier clients focused cells Reach to the customer is good Good relationship management Premier clients focused cells Risk management Compliance Credit Risk Operational Risk Market Risk Credit Risk Operational Risk Market Risk Credit Risk Operational Risk Market Risk Strategy Development Reach to global markets front line in emerging economies Specific to one country Reach to global marketsStrong leadership and management Business expansions Leadership support Culture of growing and retaining leaders Strong world-wide management and leadership Business expansions regionally Strong management presence Business expansions Leadership support Strong international management and leadership Sales, marketing and Operations Consumer / Transactional Sales Advisory / Relationship Management Sales Consumer / Transactional Sales Advisory / Relationship Management Sales Consumer / Transactional Sales Advisory / Relationship Management SalesClient base and brand History and strong brand Your local banker approach Internationally renowned brand Strong regional brand History and strong brand Internationally renowned brand 4. Do you have a warring advantage superior to that of the competitor in any or more area? Do you see major areas for improvement in any competitive area? The areas of competitive advantage are Strategy Development Reach to global markets Presence in emerging economies Strong leadership and management Culture of developing and retaining leadersStrong international management and leadership Client base and brand History and strong brand Your local banker approach Internationally renowned brand Areas for improvement Larger presence in retail operations in emerging economies Leveraging technology to increase efficiency, access to markets and risk management tran sformation by providing weekend banking and banking in non official hours PART C Assignment question 1. Based upon PART A and Part B of the assignment, consolidate the Strengths , Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats for your organization into a SWOT Grid.

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying Data

Quantitative Analysis of Workplace Bullying DataBullying behavior was typically experienced on the playground or inside the school systems of school bestride children, but now this multi-causal phenomenon is being reported by adults in the workplace at an astronomical level. alpha research has insinuated that there is not just one clear definition of workplace intimidation but a combination of definitions (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). Workplace bullying transpires when an employee encounters a steadfast pattern of ill-treatment from others in the work environment that brings about harm (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). This type of harassment end consist of such tactics as verbal, nonverbal, emotional, physical abuse and public disgrace (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). This form of workplace hostility is, for the most part, difficult to validate because, unlike the classical forms o f school bullying, workplace bullies a lot function within the traditional regulations and policies of their organization (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). In examining three peer-reviewed articles (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014), the researchers used several incompatible types of descriptive statistics to measure workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). Therefore, it is important to take up descriptive statistics data and the different methods used that summarizes the sample and the measures (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014). In combination with charts and graphic analytic thinking (Jackson, 2016), descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) formed the basis of virtually every numeric analysis of data which were used by each researcher to describe workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014) as it affects ones physical health (depression), on how federal agency stressors can influence bullying behavior and the academic levels of the singulars being bullied (Chipps et al., 2013 McTernan et al., 2013 Reknes et al., 2014).First, is to define descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015), illust stray or summarize data in a matter, for example, such as patterns of large numbers of data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Descriptive statistics (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) do not, however, allow one to make conclusions beyond the data that is analyzed or reach conclusions regarding every hypotheses that might have made (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). They are simply a way to describe ones data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, Chipps et al., (2013) take apart illustrates the incidence of workplace bullying among preoperative RNs, surgical technologists, and unlicensed preoperative personnel in two academic medical centers (Chipps et al., 2013). The study sought to mold whether the demographic variables of gender, ethnicity, hospital location, geezerhood of experience on the unit, years in the profession, and job title predict the experience of workplace bullying (Chipps et al., 2013). In addition, to influence whether a relationship exists surrounded by workplace bullying and emotional exhaustion (Chipps et al., 2013) and whether bullying is associated with perceptions of patient safety in the operating room (Chipps et al., 2013). The cross-sectional analysis included one hundred and cardinalty-seven preoperative nurses, surgical technologists, and unlicensed preoperative personnel (Chipps et al., 2013). The IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows (IBM, New York, NY ) was used to analyze the data. Descr iptive statistics was calculated for each hospital in two different demographic areas (Chipps et al., 2013). In display panel (1), the participants in Hospital A had a response rate of forty per centum, and Hospital B had a response rate of twenty-three percent.Table 1. Comparison of Demographic VariablesOf the total study sample of professionals, forty-five percent of participants were registered nurses (SD=14.3), fifty-three percent were nonRN surgical technologists (SD=15.9) and two percent (SD=1.2) were another unlicensed personnel who reported to nursing services in Table 2 (Chipps et al., 2013).Table 2. Comparison of Job Title/ProfessionThe sample size of it in accede 1, the sample size was seventy-four percent predominately white, twenty percent total darkness and sixty percent identified self in the other category (Chipps et al., 2013). The demographics differences were significant between Hospital A and Hospital B (Chipps et al., 2013).Figure1. Sample sizeIn Table 2 i llustrated a frequency of bullying acts in in order of frequency on at least a monthly basis (Chipps et al., 2013), for example, his or her opinions ignored at twenty-eight percent (Chipps et al., 2013) twenty-seven percent reported being shouted at by peers (Chipps et al., 2013). twenty-six percent reported experiencing information purposely withheld which hindered his or her work performance (Chipps et al., 2013), twenty-five percent humiliated in front of others and twenty-five percent experiencing rumors or remark spread about him or her (Chipps et al., 2013).Table 1. Frequency of Bullying ActsThe next study examined several hypotheses as it relates to subprogram stressors within an individuals work environment and forward-looking day occurrences of self-reported workplace bullying. Reknes et al., (2014) research revealed that percentage stressors are associated with workplace bullying after conducting a study with twenty Norwegian businesses (Reknes et al., 2014).During 200 4 to 2009, a longitudinal study was conducted in the private and public sectors to focus on the characteristics of the work environment (Reknes et al., 2014). It was to ascertain whether role stressors, at baseline, can foretell new incidents of workplace bullying in the near future (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-five Norwegian employees joined the baseline and follow-up, with an interim of two years within the measurements (Reknes et al., 2014). The average ages of the participants were forty-five years of age, and sixty-four percent were women (Reknes et al., 2014). A sum of one hundred and six participants reported to be bullied in Figure 1, whereas, two thousand and three hundred and eighty-five participated said to not being bullied (Reknes et al., 2014).Figure 1. Respondent to the 1st and the 2nd surveys (N=2,835)Even though fling out analyzes were conducted using independent sample t-test on role dispute (N=245) and role ambiguity (N= 158 (Reknes et al., 2014)., the survey revealed no significant differences in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in completing the 1st survey (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated in both measurement points (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). However, those who participated in the 1st and the 2nd surveys (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated a mean of 1.68 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role ambiguity and a mean of 2.47 (Reknes et al., 2014) for role conflict. Three hundred and forty-four (Reknes et al., 2014) self-reports of bullying behavior were missing from the baseline survey (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In additions, Figure 2 illustrated the following distribution of the answerers in the 1st and 2nd surveys (N=2835 (Reknes et al., 2014), in a table format showing an age frequency distribution with five categories of age ranged defined (Reknes et al., 2014).Figure 2. A frequency distribution of Age in table fo rmatThe respondents in the 1st and the 2nd survey regarding the baseline characteristics of the respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that individuals within forty to forty-nine of age (33.5%) is more likely to complete the survey than respondents (Reknes et al., 2014), under the age of thirty (5.5%). Whereas, self-reported bullying (Reknes et al., 2014), illustrated that role conflict nearly imitation the likelihood of becoming a new target of bullying at T2 (odd ratio of 1.92). Consequently, the results showed no significant difference in the scores for role conflict for those who only participated in the first measurement (Reknes et al., 2014), compared to those who participated at both measurement points (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015).The research supported the data that role ambiguity and role conflict, individually, added to consequent different reports of workplace bullying. The statistical analysis was administered using IBM SPSS Statistics version 20 for Windows ( IBM, New York, NY ).Lastly, McTernan et. al., 2013, conducted a longitudinal survey design over a twelve months cadence frame. This investigation was to examine how job stressors and depression can influence productiveness loss (McTernan et. al., 2013). First, to investigate this underlying assumption was to begin with data preparation on how to carry out data analysis (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Data preparation involved acquiring or collecting the data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) reviewing the data for accuracy (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015) inserting the data into the estimator modifying the data, and generating and documenting a database structure that integrates the various measures (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Secondly, is to utilize a codebook that represents each variable in the data and where and how it can be accessed (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). For example, ind icating the variable description, organizing the variable format (number and data), identifying the respondent or group, and identifying the variable location (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). Initially, the data was collected in 2009 and repeated in 2010 by an Australia workplace barometer (McTernan et. al., 2013). The data was gathered from two Australian states, Hesperian Australia, and New South Wales (McTernan et. al., 2013). The sample size was increased, in order to weigh the gain in the control versus the time and cost of having more participants or accumulation more data (Jackson, 2016 Trochim, Donnelly Arora, 2015). In this review, twenty thousand Austrian homes (McTernan et. al., 2013) phone numbers were called, yet the final sample consisted of one thousand three hundred twenty-six participants from north of South Wales and one thousand four hundred and sixty-four from Western Australia (McTernan et. al., 2013). The experiment consisted of one thousand t hree hundred and xc females aged between eighteen and seventy-seven and between eighteen and eighty-five the total male participants were one thousand three hundred and ninety six (McTernan et. al., 2013).Time 2 data was composed of participants from Time 1 who agreed to take a follow-up questionnaire at least one year after in 2010 (McTernan et. al., 2013). Of the primary participants at Time 1, there were two thousand and seventy-four (McTernan et. al., 2013) who participated in the survey, whereas, with Time 2 consisted of nine hundred and twenty-seven females between nineteen and seventy-eight and one thousand and one hundred and forty-seven males between nineteen and eighty-two (McTernan et. al., 2013).The measure utilized the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 depression measure for a nine-item scale based on several criterias of depressive disorders in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual DSM-IV (McTernan et. al., 2013). Table 1 depicts the individual yearly productively loss cost (McTernan et. al., 2013) estimations as it relates to depression (N=2074). The relationship was significant as it related to the unstandardized parameters (McTernan et. al., 2013) by comparing the annual sickness absence seizure (hours) with productivity loss using descriptive statistics (McTernan et. al., 2013). The annual sickness absence illustrated 138.4 hours loss (SD=48.24) due to the severity level of the workers depression (McTernan et. al., 2013), as compared to, 28% productivity loss (SD=3.5).Table 2 illustrated the projectd odd ratios for job strain and workplace bullying on depression as well as the odd ratios and race attributable risk for job strain, bullying and job strain without bullying (McTernan et. al., 2013). The researchers used the population attributable risk as a method to estimate the proportion of a disease burden that could theoretically be eliminated by the removal of a causal factor (McTernan et. al., 2013). The findings confirmed that the underlying assumption of the marry between job stressors and productively loss via depression (McTernan et. al., 2013). The prevalence of exposure to job strain was 22.5% (McTernan et. al., 2013) compared to bullying exposure 5.9% (McTernan et. al., 2013). The population attributable failed to yield any significant difference when job strain and bullying was used independently, yet, when combined, the results showed the annual depression cost which contributed to productivity loss (McTernan et. al., 2013).Table 2. Population Attributable risk of infectionReferencesChipps, E., Stelmaschuk, S., Albert, N., Bernhard, L., Holloman, C. (2014). Workplace bullying in the OR Results of a descriptive study, AORN Journal, 98(5)479-493.IBM Corp. Released 2011. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. New York, NY IBM Corp.Jackson, S. (2015). Research methods and statistics A critical thinking approach. (5th ed.) United States of American Boston, MA.McTerman, W., Dollard, M., LaMontagne, A. (201 3). depressive disorder in the workplace An economic cost analysis of depression-related productivity loss attributable to job strain and bullying, Work Stress, 27(4)321-338.Reknes, I., Einarsen, S., Knardahl, S., Lau, B. (2014). The prospective relationship between role stressors and new cases of self-reported workplace bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 5545-52.Trochim, T., Donnelly, J., Arora, A. (2015). Research methods The essential knowledge base. United States of America Boston, MA.

impact of Poverty on Health

impact of Poverty on wellness1HealthAccess to NursingHealthAssignment 2Kirsty LincolnTutor Lis FootsoyThis should be in the report format Please fol gloomy Assignment Brief instructions c atomic number 18fully match to Ogden (1996), there be many factors that impact on the health of single(a)s within society, some argon more common than others such as poverty, unemployment, lifestyle and residential areas. Alongside these are medical factors, religion and differing beliefs in medicine and health. According to Ogden (1996) although these are all different areas to take into consideration they are all interlinked to genius another and it is often thought that if an individual has any peer slight of the above take ons are they willing have some degree of each one impacting on their general health and wellbeing.LF1Naidoo and Wills (2000) claim that there are many determinants also known as health inequalities, which drop all be broken rout into categories such as cordial, e nvironmental, lifestyle and physiological factors, it puke be suggested that friendly factors have a major impact on health and the way individuals blistering generally associating health with social level, lower working classes are gathern to lead unhealthier lifestyles due to poverty or need of employment which in effect will lead to poor housing and living in prouder crime rate areas and less access to health suffices and in truth miniature operator of leisure activity which will because result in poor nutrition as not many individuals in the lower classes can move over healthy food and 10 fresh fruit and vegetables a day which is needed to maintain a good level of health, this could also include high consumptions of alcoholic drink and cigarettes. Naidoo and wills (2000) explains how all this then leads to physiological factors that impact on health like stress and depression, high blood pressure, heart disease and obesity which then ends up costing the National Hea lth service thousands and thousands of pounds each year. It can be suggested that this is just a vicious cycle and until poverty and unemployment levels decrease, society as a whole will continue to consume money in the NHS.The graphs above shows the unemployment grade in the united kingdom compared to other countries, it is suggested that although it is not at the higher end of the scale there is still a high number of unemployment which has a major impact on the National Health service and the united kingdoms economy which will in turn effect the overall health of the general public done poverty.It is clear to see from this brief overview how all the determinants are interlinked and how each one individually dissembles health and wellbeing.Ogden (1996) verbalizes that what is clear is that ill health does not happen by chance or through bad luck, in revision to maintain health, society as a whole should promote it. The Lalorde report published in 1974 helped identify intrave nous feeding fields of health that can be improved these are Genetics and biological factors which determine an individuals disposition to disease, lifestyles factors in which health behaviours yield to illness, environmental factors like housing or befoulment and the health services provided. If an area has a poor health service than it is more likely that shoemakers last rates are higher through disease and health will be effected. These show that factors other than genetic and biological all affect an individuals health but it is possible to change it.Naidoo and wLF2ills (2000) explains that unemployment and low income is a major determinant of living standards and when studying levels of income and material deprivation through unemployment it has been free-base that it can tie in with ill health and premature mortality.The graph above shows the different ages and class groups of the working environment it shows the level of deaths are a lot higher in those who work in manual hard labour which is very hands on and demanding in comparison to those of other intermediate and higher professional backgrounds paying in higher wages than other lower class jobs.According to the Rowntree report in 1990, 24% of the population had an income of under the national average after allowing for housing costs (Rowntree foundation 1995), plenty most likely to be in this category are the un employ, pensioners, lone parents and the low paid. Blackburn suggests that there are three ways in which low income and unemployment can affect health, Physiologically inadequate housing, lack of warmth, lack of food, psychological stress lack of support network and behavioural health damaging behaviours like excessive smoking, drinking alcohol, sweets for children instead of healthy foods, living in poverty can affect anyone and without the means to provide a healthy lifestyle many are forced to live unhealthy lifestyles to make ends meet, it is not a choice.According to Ogden (1 996) one of the main challenges the National Health Service (NHS) has to deal with is the constant usage of money, as health conduct costs thousands each year and regions with poor housing and less deprived areas spend more due to leading unhealthy lifestyles, an issue with this is that those people who are unemployed who live in these poorer communities pay nothing into the outline yet can still access healthcare with the same rights as people employed who do pay into the system and pay taxes, so people who are unemployed can claim benefits, healthcare should be free and accessible to everyone although there will come a time when there is no financial reinforcement left to pay for healthcare, there have been suggestions of placing a charge for every time the individual visits the doctor or attends Accident and collar on a Friday night when they have been found too intoxicated to function. This in turn will promote a healthier living although it can be seen as discrimination as i ndividuals in poverty or unemployment still will not have the means to pay for the healthcare visits resulting in poor health and diseases increasing, having a detrimental effect on the health and wellbeing within society.The graph above shows how the National Health Service funding has increased over the last 7 years reaching a high of just over 105,000 in the years 2012 to 2013.As Naidoo and wills (2000) explains there are some factors that impact health that we cannot change for example ethnicity, different race and ethnic backgrounds can determine an individuals health for example individuals with darker unclothe have a higher protection from diseases of the skin, caused by sunlight such as skin cancer and individuals with lighter more pale skin can burn easily and be allergic to the sun, this can tie into the environmental factors that affect health. Although in order to fit in to society in new(a) day it can be seen that there is a lot more pressure placed on young girls and women who feel the need to be faultless due to the mass media resulting in a rise in the use of tanning beds in order to gain a tan and darkening of the skin, this heightens the chance of skin cancer and other skin diseases.The graph below shows that in 2010, among men, white men had the highest rate of getting melanoma of the skin, deriveed by American Indian/Alaska Native, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and black men. Among women, white women had the highest rate of getting melanoma of the skin, followed by Hispanic, American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian/Pacific Islander, and black women.Melanoma of the strip down Incidence Rates* by Race/Ethnicity and Sex, U.S., 19992010It can be suggested that along with this, studies have found to show that younger people particularly are at jeopardize using a tanning bed as people who start using sunbeds before the age of 35 are 87% more likely to develop Melanoma compared to people with darker skin from different ethnic groups or those who never use sun beds. LF3It can also be tell that on the other hand accredited ethnic groups are more prone to specific diseases, darker skin is especially prone to sickle cell disease, and individuals who are prone to certain diseases can use the National Health Service at their discretion depending on their beliefs surrounding medicine. Although in some countries like America, certain ethnic groups do not view in the health care system American Indians believe disease is an act of nature and should be allowed to follow its course. It can also be said that in third world countries medicine and healthcare is not easily accessible as there is little funding to provide the adequate care. It can also be suggested that some regions with less sunlight can also affect health due to causation psychological factors like stress and Seasonal Affected Disorder (SAD) which is a disorder affected by seasons which in turn causes higher suicide rates in winter colder months in comparison to summer months.It is possible that all things in society affect health and although looking at this from a redness point of view unemployment and poverty are a root cause to most health issues. Marxists believe that everyone should be equal and that poverty helps maintain the mastery of the Bourgeoisie (upper class) it serves the interest of the wealthy, although other sociologists disagree and argue that individuals are to blame for their own poverty or as groups they develop a culture of poverty. Marxists believe poverty is rooted to the structure of society rather than a specific individual therefore if an individual lives in a deprived area they are more likely going to adapt to the ways of that community leading to ill health through poor lifestyles. LF4Along with Karl Marx another sociologist Charles Murray (1989) LF5stated that poverty is caused by the lower class in the sense that the lower class do not want to work or find employment, he blames illegitimacy for this stat e of poverty in 1979 Britain had an illegitimacy rate of 10.6% but by 1988 this had risen to 25.6% he claimed that illegitimate children are more likely to come from women of the lower class and that they run wild due to the lack of a father figure and in effect he held them responsible for rising crime, property crime and rough crime. This in turn damaging communities making the residential area deprived with little amenities and also made people withdraw into themselves causing all kinds of illnesses mainly psychological. A critic of this is that there is no evidence to prove his conclusions and there are no significant differences between the lower class and the employed in their attitudes towards work and it can be seen that mothers with husbands/fathers spend more time claiming benefits than single mothers. Naidoo and wills (2000) suggests that the Marxist approach to poverty and unemployment ties in with the social scientists perspective on medicine, as they argue that medici ne is closely linked to power and is still a powerful means of social control, as without medicine health would omit and society would lack structure. LF6There are many medical samples that look at the determinants of health. The behaviour change model aims to encourage individuals to adapt healthy behaviours which are seen as the key to improve health and wellbeing. It can be argued as this model does not reflect the understanding of poverty the approach is popular as it views health as a property of individuals, making it possible to assume that people can change their behaviours to make improvements to their health. It also states that individuals who do not care for themselves are to blame for the consequences of ill health.When looking at poverty and unemployment and this approach it is impossible to change behaviours and lifestyles for improved health when they are outside the individuals control, there has to be some amount of flexibility to be able to make changes, individ uals living in poverty and who are unemployed know that changing bad lifestyles is not always as easy as it may seem.The above shows how the Behaviour change model works.On the other hand a health model that can be tied in with poverty is the Social change model the main aim of this approach is to enable people to gain control of their lives, it enables people to gain skills and confidence, and empowerment is also used as a way to describe a way of working which increases peoples power to change their social reality, an example of this in communities there are self-help groups and community based development like setting goals and community based development such as group clashing in order to meet specific needs like clean-up programmes and such, this would help individuals in poverty and unemployment gain confidence to learn new skills in order to find a job which in turn would improve their health or even help individuals with depression or stress by meeting new people going thr ough the same thing. LF7The picture above shows the different stages of the social change model.This approach also attempts to bring changes in the physical, social and economic environment this includes things like bans in public places for example smoking, which in turn will decrease or attempt to decrease smoking levels in more deprived areas which could result in saving money and starting the long road out of poverty. It can also be suggested that it could clip circularise pollution as if the area of residence has high standard atmosphere pollution then this carries a more detrimental issue on health in regards to individuals who are medically unwell or have illnesses such as asthma or emphysema.Air pollution is a major environmental risk to health. By reducing air pollution levels, countries can snub the burden of disease from stroke, heart disease, lung cancer, and both chronic and acute respiratory diseases, including asthma. The lower the levels of air pollution, the bett er the cardiovascular and respiratory health of the population will be, both long- and short-term. The WHO Air quality guidelines provide an assessment of health effects of air pollution and thresholds for health-harmful pollution levels.Ambient (outdoor air pollution) in both cities and rural areas was estimated to cause 3.7 million premature deaths worldwide in 2012. LF8Some 88% of those premature deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries, and the greatest number in the WHO Western Pacific and South-East Asia regions. Policies and investments supporting cleaner transport, energy-efficient housing, power generation, industry and better municipal waste management would reduce key sources of urban outdoor air pollution. Reducing outdoor emissions from household coal and biomass energy systems, agricultural waste incineration, forest fires and certain agro-forestry activities (e.g. charcoal production) would reduce key rural and peri-urban air pollution sources in developing regions. Reducing outdoor air pollution also reduces emissions of CO2 and short-lived climate pollutants such as black carbon particles and methane, thus contributing to the near- and long-term mitigation of climate change. In addition to outdoor air pollution, indoor smoke is a serious health risk for some 3 billion people who cook and heat their homes with biomass fuels and coal (WHO, 2014)Very good discussion with clear military rank of theories and models.ConclusionIn conclusion, it can be seen that poverty is the main cause to ill health within society, regardless of age, ethnicity, religion, social class. It all comes down to poverty, as without the means to live a healthy lifestyle, individuals cannot change behaviours and attitudes towards healthier living. Poverty can cause disease and illness and affect general health through stress. Psychologically becoming depressed over money worries, poor living conditions and lack of nutrition or too much junk food and alcohol can c ause obesity, diabetes and liver damage. If the area is industrial or run down an individual has more changeLF9 of developing lung disease and breathing difficulties.Poverty is a term which is defined as very wide spread and there are millions of implications to health and what living in poverty can cause.A very good report which discusses models, theories, concepts and issues well. To further improveMake sure you un-pick a concept thoroughly in order to give a greater level of evaluation.Take care with referencing you need to review this practise (study skills handout and/or Cite Them Right)Make sure the sections of your report are clearly defined by way of section headings.Table of ReferencesButterfield, W.J.H. (1968) priorities in medicine. London NuffieldNaidoo, J. Wills, J. (2000) Health promotion (2nd edition) London Bailliere TindalOgden, J. (1996) Health psychology Buckingham University pressKatz, J., Peberdy, A. (1997) Promoting health, knowledge and practise Basingstoke impart University press.World Health Organisation. (2014) Ambient air quality and health online Available at http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ Accessed 5th May 2014Very good sources.Kirsty LincolnLF1If this were an hear this would be allowed therefore this should have been a Report Also I cant identify where your Introduction ends and Discussion of Findings starts etc.LF2Capital LetterLF3It is of the essence(p) here to point out that you are basing this upon US statistics.LF4Source?LF5Source?LF6Good points made and evaluated here.LF7Very good discussion of models however where are you getting your information fromLF8SourcesLF9chance

Overcrowding in 19th Century Britain

Overcrowding in 19th Century BritainThe Problem of Overcrowding in 19th Century Urban BritainDuring the nineteenth century urban populations grew at an extremely warm rate as industrial growth drew nation into the cities in the search for employment. This rapid growth caused a great deal of concern amongst overnice politicians and authorities regarding law and order, nevertheless they were at first unaware of the far greater danger which was the poor sanitation caused by the speedy building of sequential housing created to accommodate this population growth. The master(prenominal) points I will be addressing in this essay will be a) how far the growth of population was the of import cause of bad health caused by overcrowding, and b) how the authorities dealt with much(prenominal) health problems and how far they were successful. I have chosen this particular subject because it can be argued that it was the main problem of urban supporting in the nineteenth century, and othe r problems such as pollution, cholera outbreaks or infant mortality could be verbalise to be caused or exacerbated by such overcrowding.By the time of the 1851 census, and for the first time in the nations history, more people were living in urban areas than they were in rural areas. Between separately census from 1841 to 1881, the population of urban areas grew by an average of 25% and by 1881 the urban population was 70.2% of the quantity population of England and Wales.1 In Manchester, the city where the cotton industry caused massive urban growth, the population had increased six times within sixty years by 1831.2In order to cope with such numbers building of houses was undertaken as quickly as possible, often in small areas of land, which meant that in poorer areas houses were built back-to-back in high density in order to accommodate as legion(predicate) people as possible. In order to save space, they were built without gardens, round dark courtyards with communal privie s at the end of each street. Some buildings in Edinburgh had more than ten storeys, which meant that people had to carry water up many stairs and often didnt bother. In Manchester, the large numbers of Irish immigrants created pockets of poverty-stricken communities living amongst the factories and smoke where several families might be living under genius roof or even in the pestilential atmosphere of one room.3 In London, in the period before the underground railway, when people still infallible to be able to walk to work, building programs took place close to the city areas without any planning from central sources. Thus areas such as Bethnal Green and Whitechapel suffered from piggy overcrowding, and in Covent Garden, older buildings were converted into tenements and cellars to provide for the poor settlers who swept into the metropolis, particularly in the area known as The Rookeries where refugees from the Irish famine had settled. In 1847 two described the disorderly crop of beginnings of mean houses, rising out of the rubbish, as if they had been unskilfully sown there.4Edwin Chadwicks Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Classes, outfit by the government to investigate sanitation in 1842 was undertaken through a system of interviews and visits carried out by Poor Law medical officers and commissioners. Its evidence revealed how many families lived in cellars, often several families at the same time, which were subject to flooding. In one example in Manchester, 40 people were discovered to be living in one cellar. Furthermore, unscrupulous owners of lodging houses, taking advantage of the need for housing, would put lodgers up in poorly furnished, badly ventilated and overcrowded rooms.5Chadwicks cut through revealed that mortality rates in urban areas were much higher than in rural areas, particularly amongst the poorer classes. In fact, the average age of death for labourers in districts such as Liverpool and Manchester was around 15 during the period 1839-40, indicating an extremely high infant mortality rate. Chadwick himself attributed these figures to squalid and overcrowded living conditions, although badly ventilated on the job(p) areas and long working hours were also a contributory factor.6 Chadwicks report did raise awareness, yet many people, in particular the Conservative Party, did not support his recommendations, and the pressure concourse set up in 1844, the Health of Towns Association, found in truth little was being done in townsfolks and cities to counteract the effects of poor sanitation. The attitude of laissez-faire(prenominal) was strong, and many authorities were opposed to sanitary reform for economical reasons.The evidence shown by Chadwick would seem to show an obvious correlation between overcrowding and poor health. However, the affiliation between dirt and disease was not yet fully understood at this time. Outbreaks of cholera in the 1840s and 50s were the subject of much deb ate over its credibly causes and very little was understood about how the disease was spread. It was noted, however, that the worst cases of cholera seemed to prevail in areas of towns where there was very poor sewerage or drainage, and Dr seat Snow tried to demonstrate through scientific experiment that disease was water-borne. However, Snow met with huge opposition within the medical profession, and it was not until 1883 that his theory was prove. Thus, although people like Snow and Chadwick tried to encourage unusedliness amongst the working classes, very little effective work was done by the authorities.Chadwick did not suggest curative methods in his report. He declared engineers were needed for the task at hand not the medical profession7 He was more concerned with preventative measures, ensuring towns had regular supplies of clean water, and that houses had adequate drainage into proper sewers. However, this is not to say that medicine did not play a role in the developme nts that eventually led to improvements in town and city health. Medicine did in fact play a very important role in the improvements in housing.At the beginning of the century very little was known about the causes of disease, and doctors had very little equipment with which to carry out research. Surgery was extremely primitive and carried out in what we now know as unhygienic conditions. It was not until 1865 that Louis Pasteur proved his germ theory that these micro-organisms could cause decay and disease. Robert Koch built on Pasteurs work by showing that different types of germs caused particularized illnesses, and that the answer to curing disease was to destroy the unique(predicate) germ. It was Koch who, in 1883, identified the germ that caused cholera. From Pasteur and Kochs work, vaccines began to be developed in the 1880s.8It was imputable to these discoveries, and the work of Dr. rear end Snow, that the authorities finally realised that it was necessary to make radica l changes in the drainage and water systems in towns and cities. In 1866, the year after Pasteur had made proved his germ theory, the Sanitary Act was passed, forcing towns to appoint sanitary inspectors. Local government became responsible for public health, and eventually Public Health Act 1872 was formed, creating separate bodies each headed by a Medical Officer of Health.Despite these developments, it took a long time for housing to improve. Back-to-Back housing was still being erected in Leeds and Bradford up until 1937, despite some building regulations and strong calls for their demise.9 In rural areas, especially around the mining towns of Wales, house building was still very hasty without due contend for health, as is evidenced in this report on the area by Merthyr Tydfil If a new colliery is opened in an upland vale 200, 300 or 400 houses are built very rapidly, and they inhabited long before they are dry.10 However, some cities, such as Bury and Liverpool, anticipate th e building of back-to-backs in the 1860s.To sum up, the problem of overcrowding in urban and industrial Britain in the 19th century was one that was not widely recognised by the authorities in the early part of the century. Housing was created to accommodate vast numbers of industrial workers who flooded into the cities, and the speed at which they were built meant that little care was taken to provide adequate drainage and disposal of sewerage. Reformers such as Chadwick saw that there was a distinct connection between overcrowding and mortality rates, but it was not until scientific and medical advances proved that germs and bacteria carried by dirty water supplies caused diseases such as cholera that the government took any adequate action.The main sources I have used for this essay are Taylor, Best and Briggs. Taylor does not provide the highest academic level of text, but his clear chapters separated into different economic and social subjects, and his use of primary sources pr ovides useful factual information. Best is one of the recognised authorities on Victorian Britain and he provides a detailed theme of life in mid Victorian England. Briggs is also highly regarded as an expert in this field, and his detailed historical research provides a good, detailed overview of specific British cities during this period.BibliographyBest, Geoffrey, Mid-Victorian Britain 1851-75, Fontana Press, 1990Briggs, Asa, Victorian Cities, Penguin, 1990Taylor, David, Mastering Economic and Social History, Macmillan, 1988Wilson, A. N., The Victorians, Arrow, 20031Footnotes1 Best, Geoffrey, Mid-Victorian Britain 1851-75, Fontana Press, p.242 Briggs, Asa, Victorian Cities, Penguin, p.893 ibid, p.924 quoted in Briggs, A, p.3465 Taylor, David, Mastering Economic and Social History, Macmillan, p.3036 ibid, p.307-87 Taylor, D., p.3108 ibid, pp.319-209 Briggs, A., p.15610 quoted in Best, G., p.39

how does Australian Parliament make laws :: essays research papers

Parliament, as the sovereign lawmaking body is one source of law. It makes legislation via passing tips to make laws that abide by social cohesion and take hold social progress, such as sanctions imposed for murder under the Criminal Law Consolidation Act SA.A political party affiliates its self with specific military positions and moral and promises to initiate or support certain legislations to its supporters. When merchant shipdidates become members of either the Senate or House of Representatives they are morally obliged to uphold these view but are non confined to them. Pre-legislation stage consists of someone coming up with an idea for a bill which is presented to the cabinet, they must approve the principles of the bill for it to choke the next stage which is the drafting of the bill. This part consists of Parliamentary counsel drafting the bill. This is a government body of trained lawyers which job is to draft a bill whilst making sure that it is not contradicting t o current legislation or the constitution. When a formal and legitimate bill is drafted it can then be initiated into the originating house. This involves the bill be tabled for the first reading along with a notification to the house of new proposal. The first reading involves the bills title being read by the clerk of the house. in that location is no literal reading of the bill and the bill is approved on the basis of a voice call of members for sycophancy. Immediately usually after this the game reading commences. The intent of the legislation is discussed along with the broad principles by the ministers. The stage usually has no debate however the opposition can reply with approval or disapproval and can also make suggestions for amendments. Then there is a vote on voice, this consist of Ayes=yes or Nos, if unclear members can ask for a division which is where members will physically move to left of the house for approval or right for disapproval. This is recorded in hamsar d so if infallible can be referred to at a later time. The next stage is Committee of the whole where the bill can be debated by members informally. Each clause is scrutinised and amendments are made. The proposing minister is quizzed about the bill and a vote takes place however if an agreement was obtained in the second reading then this stage is not needed.